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   <titleStmt><title>Winter at Stadacona and the Cedar Cure</title><author>Jacques Cartier’s second voyage, Brief récit (Paris, 1545), on the winter of 1535–1536 at Stadacona</author><editor>Hearth Interactive</editor></titleStmt>
   <publicationStmt><publisher>Hearth Library</publisher><ptr target="https://hearthinteractive.com/library/sources/ea-cartier-brief-recit"/></publicationStmt>
   <sourceDesc><bibl>Voyages de découverte au Canada, entre les années 1534 et 1542, par Jacques Quartier, le sieur de Roberval, Jean Alphonse de Xanctoigne, etc. (Quebec: William Cowan et fils, for the Literary and Historical Society of Quebec, 1843; reprinted 1927), “Second voyage,” chapters 15 and 17, pp. 56–60. The Society printed a copy of the oldest of three manuscripts of the second voyage in the royal library in Paris, collated with the other two and with Lescarbot and Ramusio (its foreword). Digital text: Internet Archive item voyagesdedcouv13alfo (University of Pittsburgh copy of the 1927 reprint), OCR text, extracted by code and read against the page images. The Society’s notes are not copied. Author’s text only.</bibl></sourceDesc>
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  <profileDesc><langUsage><language ident="fr">French</language></langUsage></profileDesc>
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  <listPerson><person xml:id="x-person_jacques-cartier"><persName>Jacques Cartier</persName><note>Navigator of Saint-Malo who sailed to the Gulf and River of St. Lawrence for Francis I of France, and wintered beside Stadacona in 1535–1536.</note></person><person xml:id="x-person_virgin-mary"><persName>the Virgin Mary</persName><note>Mary, the mother of Jesus. Catholics prayed to her to ask her son for mercy, and honored her at shrines such as Rocamadour.</note></person><person xml:id="x-person_god"><persName>God</persName><note>The one God worshiped by Jews, Christians and Muslims. Many writers in the library saw his hand in epidemics, cures, voyages and the fortunes of colonies.</note></person><person xml:id="x-person_philippe-rougemont"><persName>Philippe Rougemont</persName><note>A sailor from Amboise, about twenty years old, who died at the French fort beside Stadacona during the sickness of 1535–1536.</note></person><person xml:id="x-person_domagaya"><persName>Domagaya</persName><note>A son of Donnacona who had spent about eight months in France and learned French. In 1536 he showed the French the annedda remedy that had cured him.</note></person><person xml:id="x-person_donnacona"><persName>Donnacona</persName><note>Chief of Stadacona. Cartier seized him in May 1536 and took him to France, where he died, probably in 1539.</note></person></listPerson>

  <listPlace><place xml:id="x-place_stadacona"><placeName>Stadacona, and the French fort on the Sainte-Croix River</placeName><location><geo>46.83 -71.24</geo></location></place><place xml:id="x-place_rocamadour"><placeName>Rocamadour</placeName><location><geo>44.8005 1.619</geo></location></place><place xml:id="x-place_france"><placeName>France</placeName><location><geo>46.6 2.4</geo></location></place><place xml:id="x-place_amboise"><placeName>Amboise</placeName><location><geo>47.4125 0.9827</geo></location></place><place xml:id="x-place_leuven"><placeName>Louvain (Leuven)</placeName><location><geo>50.8796 4.7009</geo></location></place><place xml:id="x-place_montpellier"><placeName>Montpellier</placeName><location><geo>43.6109 3.8764</geo></location></place><place xml:id="x-place_alexandria"><placeName>Alexandria</placeName><location><geo>31.2 29.92</geo></location></place></listPlace>
  <list type="ideas-and-dates"><item xml:id="x-idea_epidemic">epidemic, plague, pestilence <note>The words the writers themselves used for an epidemic: Greek *loimos* and *nosos*, Latin *pestis*, *pestilentia* and *mortalitas*, Chinese 疫 *yi*, Japanese 疫瘡 &quot;epidemic sores&quot;.</note></item><item xml:id="x-idea_contagion">contagion <note>The idea that disease passed from person to person by touch, breath, or objects, long before anyone knew about germs.</note></item><item xml:id="x-idea_scurvy">scurvy <note>A disease of long voyages and winters on salted food, with swollen legs and rotting gums. Its cause, a lack of vitamin C, was unknown at the time.</note></item><item xml:id="x-idea_annedda">annedda <note>The Iroquoian name of the tree whose bark and leaves cured Cartier's men of scurvy in 1536. Which tree it was is disputed; eastern white cedar is the usual answer.</note></item><item xml:id="x-idea_doctors">doctors and healers <note>Doctors, surgeons and other healers: what the writers say they could and could not do.</note></item></list>
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   <ab xml:id="x-15.1" n="15.1">Au mois de Décembre fumes avertis que la <term ref="#x-idea_epidemic">mortalité</term> s'estoit mise au peuple de <placeName ref="#x-place_stadacona">Stadacona</placeName>, tellement que jà en estoient morts par leur confession plus de cinquante. A cause de quoi, <term ref="#x-idea_contagion">leur fimmes défenses de non venir à notre Fort</term>, ni entour nous. Mais nonobstant les avoir chassés, commença la mortalité entour nous d'une merveilleuse sorte, et la plus inconnue.</ab>
   <ab xml:id="x-15.2" n="15.2">Car les uns perdoient la soutenue, et leur devenoient les jambes grosses et enflées, et les nerfs retirés, et noircis comme charbon, et aucunes toutes semées de gouttes de sang, comme pourpre. Puis montoit <term ref="#x-idea_scurvy">la dite maladie</term> aux hanches, cuisses, espaules, au bras et au col. Et à tous venoit la bouche si inefcte et pourrie par les gencives que toute la chair en tomboit jusqu'à la racine des dents, lesquelles tomboient presque toutes.</ab>
   <ab xml:id="x-15.3" n="15.3">Et tellement s'esprit la die maladie en nos trois Navires, qu'à la mi-Fevrier, de cent-dix hommes que nous étions il n'y en avoit pas dix sains, tellement que l'un ne pouvoit secourir l'autre, qui estoit chose piteuse à voir, considéré le lieu où nous estions ; car les gens du pays venoient tous les jours devant notre Fort, qui peu de gens voyoient debout, et jà y en avoit huit de morts, et plus de cinquante où on espéroit plus de vie.</ab>
   <ab xml:id="x-15.4" n="15.4"><persName ref="#x-person_jacques-cartier">Notre Capitaine</persName> voyant la pitié et maladie ainsi esmeue, fit mettre le monde en prières et oraisons, et fit porter une Image et remembrance de la <persName ref="#x-person_virgin-mary">Vierge Marie</persName> contre un arbre, distant de notre Fort d'un traict d'arc, le travers les neiges et glaces, et ordonna que le Dimanche ensuivant l'on diroit au dit lieu la Messe, et que tous ceux qui pourroient cheminer tant sains que malades, iroient à la procession, chantans les sept Psaulmes de David, avec la Litanie, en priant la dite Vierge qu'il luy plust prier son Cher Enfant qu'il eust pitié de nous : et la Messe dite et chantée devant la dite Image, se fit le Capitaine Pélerin à Nostre Dame, qui se fait de prier à <placeName ref="#x-place_rocamadour">Rocquemadou</placeName> ; promettant y aller, si <persName ref="#x-person_god">Dieu</persName> luy donnoit grace de retourner en <placeName ref="#x-place_france">France</placeName>. Celuy jour trépassa <persName ref="#x-person_philippe-rougemont">Philippe Rougemont</persName>, natif d'<placeName ref="#x-place_amboise">Amboise</placeName>, de l'âge d'environ vingt ans.</ab>
   <ab xml:id="x-15.7" n="15.7">Et pour couvrir la dite maladie lorsqu'ils venoient près de notre Fort, notre Capitaine, que <persName ref="#x-person_god">Dieu</persName> a toujours préservé debout, sortoit au devant d'eux avecque deux ou trois hommes tant sains, que malades, lesquels il faisoit sortir après luy; et lorsqu'il les voyoit hors du parc, faisoit semblant de les vouloir battre, et criant, et leur jettant bâtons après eux, les envoyant à bord, montrant par signes ès dits Sauvages qu'il faisoit bésogner ses gens dedans les Navires : les uns à gallifester, les autres à faire du pain et autres besognes, et qu'il n'estoit pas bon qu'ils vinssent chomer dehors : ce qu'ils croyoient. Et faisoit le dit Capitaine battre et mener bruit ès dits malades dedans les Navires avec bâtons et cailloux, feignans gallifester: Et pour lors estions si épris de la die maladie, qu'avions quasi perdus l'espérance de jamais retourner en <placeName ref="#x-place_france">France</placeName>, si Dieu par sa bonté infinie et miséricorde ne nous eust regardé en pitié, et donné connoissance d'un remède contre toutes maladies, le plus excellent qui fut jamais vu ni trouvé sur la terre, ainsi que nous dirons dans le chapitre suivant.</ab>
   <ab xml:id="x-17.1" n="17.1">Un jour notre Capitaine voyant la maladie si émue, et ses gens si fort épris d'icelle, estant sorti hors du Fort, et soy promenant sur la glace, apperçut venir une bande de gens de <placeName ref="#x-place_stadacona">Stadaconé</placeName>, en laquelle estoit <persName ref="#x-person_domagaya">Domagaya</persName>, lequel le Capitaine avoit veu depuis dix ou douze jours fort malade de <term ref="#x-idea_scurvy">la propre maladie</term> qu'avoient ses gens: car il avoit l'une de ses jambes aussi grosse qu'un enfant de deux ans, et tous les nerfs d'icelle retirez, les dents perdues et gâtées, et les gencives pourries et infectes.</ab>
   <ab xml:id="x-17.2" n="17.2">Le Capitaine voyant le dit <persName ref="#x-person_domagaya">Domagaya</persName> sain et guéri fut fort joyeux, espérant par lui sçavoir comme il s'étoit guéri, à fin de donner aide et secours à ses gens. Et lorsqu'ils furent arrivez près le Fort, le Capitaine lui demanda comme il s'estoit guéri de sa maladie : lequel Domagaya repondit, qu'avec le jus des feuilles d'un arbre, et le marc, il s'estoit guéri, et que c'étoit le singulier remède pour cette maladie. Lors le Capitaine demanda s'il y en avoit point là entour, et qu'il lui en montrast pour guérir son Serviteur qui avoit pris la dite maladie en la maison du Seigneur <persName ref="#x-person_donnacona">Donnacona</persName> : ne lui voulant déclarer le nombre des Compagnons qui estoient malades. Lors le dit Domagaya envoya deux femmes avec notre Capitaine pour en querir, lesquelles en apportèrent neuf ou dix rameaux, et nous montrèrent qu'il falloit piler l'écorce et les feuilles du dit bois, et mettre le tout bouillir en l'ean, puis boire de la dite eau de deux jours l'un, et mettre le marc sur les jambes enflées et malades, et que de toutes maladies le dit arbre guérissoit ; et s'appelle le dit arbre en leur langage <term ref="#x-idea_annedda">Annedda</term>.</ab>
   <ab xml:id="x-17.3" n="17.3">Tot-après le Capitaine fit faire du breuvage pour faire boire ès malades, desquels n'y en avoit nul d'eux qui voulut icelui essayer, sinon un ou deux qui se mirent en aventure d'icelui essayer. Tot-après qu'ils en eurent bu ils eurent l'avantage, qui se trouva être un vray et évident miracle. Car de toutes maladies de quoy ils estoient entachés, après en avoir bu deux ou trois fois, recouvrèrent santé et guérison ; tellement que tel des Compagnons qui avoit la vérole puis cinq ou six ans auparavant la dite maladie, a esté par la dite médecine curé nettement. Après ce avoir vu, y a une telle presse qu'on se vouloit tuer sur la dite médecine à qui premier en auroit : de sorte qu'un arbre aussi gros et aussi grand que je vis jamais arbre, a esté employé en moins de huit jours; lequel a fait telle opération, que si tous les <term ref="#x-idea_doctors">médecins</term> de <placeName ref="#x-place_leuven">Louvain</placeName> et <placeName ref="#x-place_montpellier">Montpellier</placeName> y eussent esté avec toutes les drogues d'<placeName ref="#x-place_alexandria">Alexandrie</placeName>, ils n'en eussent pas fait tant en un an, que le dit arbre a fait en huit jours. Car, il nous a tellement profité, que tous ceux qui en ont voulu user ont recouvert santé et guérison ; la grâce à <persName ref="#x-person_god">Dieu</persName>.</ab>
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   <ab n="15.1" corresp="#x-15.1">In December we learned that a mortality had struck the people of Stadacona. By their own account, more than fifty of them had already died. So we forbade them to come to our fort, or anywhere near us. But even though we had chased them off, the mortality broke out among us too, in an astonishing way, and of a kind no one knew.</ab>
   <ab n="15.2" corresp="#x-15.2">Some lost all their strength, and their legs grew thick and swollen, and the sinews drew tight and turned black as coal. On some, the legs were spotted all over with drops of blood, purple in color. Then the sickness climbed up into the hips, thighs, shoulders, arms, and neck. In everyone the mouth grew so foul and rotten at the gums that all the flesh fell away down to the roots, and nearly all the teeth fell out.</ab>
   <ab n="15.3" corresp="#x-15.3">The sickness took such a hold in our three ships that by the middle of February, of the 110 men we were, not ten were healthy. No one could help anyone else. It was a pitiful thing to see, given where we were. Every day the people of the country came in front of our fort and saw few of us on our feet. Already eight were dead, and we had given up hope for the lives of more than fifty others.</ab>
   <ab n="15.4" corresp="#x-15.4">Our captain saw our misery and how the sickness had spread, and he set everyone to praying. He had an image of the Virgin Mary taken over the snow and ice and set against a tree, a bowshot from our fort. He ordered that Mass be said there on the following Sunday. All who could walk, sick or well, were to go in the procession and sing the seven Psalms of David with the Litany. They were to pray the Virgin to ask her dear Child to have pity on us. After the Mass was said and sung before the image, our captain made a vow. If God gave him the grace to return to France, he would go as a pilgrim to Our Lady, who is prayed to at Rocquemadou. That day Philippe Rougemont died, a native of Amboise, about twenty years old.</ab>
   <ab n="15.7" corresp="#x-15.7">The people of the country came near our fort, and we had to hide the sickness from them. So our captain, whom God always kept on his feet, went out to meet them. He took two or three men with him, some well and some sick, and had them follow him out. Once they were outside the enclosure, he pretended he wanted to beat them. He shouted and threw sticks after them and sent them back on board. He showed the Savages by signs that he kept his men working inside the ships. Some were calking and others making bread or doing other jobs, and it was no good for them to come idling outside. And they believed it. The captain also had the sick men inside the ships bang and make noise with sticks and stones, pretending to calk. By then we were so stricken by the sickness that we had nearly given up hope of ever seeing France again. But God in his endless goodness and mercy looked on us with pity. He let us learn of a remedy against all sicknesses, the most excellent ever seen or found on earth, as we will tell in the next chapter.</ab>
   <ab n="17.1" corresp="#x-17.1">One day our captain saw the sickness spreading so and his men so badly stricken by it. He had gone out of the fort and was walking on the ice. He saw a band of people coming from Stadaconé, and among them was Domagaya. Ten or twelve days before, the captain had seen him very sick with the very same sickness his men had. One of his legs was as thick as a two-year-old child, with all its sinews drawn tight. His teeth were lost and ruined, and his gums rotten and foul.</ab>
   <ab n="17.2" corresp="#x-17.2">When the captain saw Domagaya healthy and cured, he was overjoyed. He hoped to learn from him how he had been cured, so he could bring help and relief to his men. When they reached the fort, the captain asked him how he had cured his sickness. Domagaya answered that he had cured himself with the juice and the pulp of the leaves of a tree, and that this was the one remedy for this sickness. Then the captain asked if there was any of it nearby. He asked Domagaya to show him some to cure his servant, who had fallen sick in the house of Lord Donnacona. He did not want to tell him how many of his companions were sick. Then Domagaya sent two women with our captain to fetch some. They came back with nine or ten branches. They showed us that we had to grind the bark and leaves of this wood and boil it all in water. Then the sick were to drink the water every other day and put the pulp on their swollen, sick legs. They said this tree cured every sickness. In their language the tree is called Annedda.</ab>
   <ab n="17.3" corresp="#x-17.3">Right away the captain had the drink made for the sick. Not one of them wanted to try it, except one or two who took the risk. The moment they drank it, they felt the good of it, and this turned out to be a true and plain miracle. After two or three drinks they were cured of every sickness they had, and their health came back. One of the companions had had the pox for five or six years before this sickness, and he was cured cleanly by this medicine. After seeing this, the men pressed so hard for the medicine that they nearly killed one another to be first to get some. So a tree as thick and as tall as any tree I ever saw was gone in less than eight days. It worked wonders. If every doctor in Louvain and Montpellier had been there with every drug in Alexandria, they could not have done as much in a year as this tree did in eight days. It did us so much good that everyone who was willing to use it got back health and was cured, thanks be to God.</ab>
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