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   <titleStmt><title>The Markets and Their Laws</title><author>Diego Durán, Book of the Gods and Rites (Mexico, about 1576), chapter on the markets</author><editor>Hearth Interactive</editor></titleStmt>
   <publicationStmt><publisher>Hearth Library</publisher><ptr target="https://hearthinteractive.com/library/sources/ea-duran-markets"/></publicationStmt>
   <sourceDesc><bibl>Diego Durán, Historia de las Indias de Nueva España y islas de Tierra Firme, vol. 2, ed. José F. Ramírez (Mexico: Imprenta de Ignacio Escalante, 1880), chapter 98, pp. 215–220. Digital text: Internet Archive item historiadelasind02dur (Getty Research Institute copy), OCR text extracted by code and corrected against the page images. Durán's text only.<idno type="hearth-edition">ramirez-duran-2-1880</idno></bibl></sourceDesc>
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  <profileDesc><langUsage><language ident="es">Spanish</language></langUsage></profileDesc>
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  <listPerson><personGrp xml:id="x-people_spaniards" role="people"><persName>Spaniards</persName><note>The people of Spain, as the writers name them: conquerors, settlers, traders and rivals in the Americas and elsewhere.</note></personGrp></listPerson>

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  <list type="ideas-and-dates"><item xml:id="x-idea_markets">markets and trade <note>Buying, selling and trading goods: markets, merchants, money and the routes along which goods traveled.</note></item><item xml:id="x-idea_divination">divination <note>Rites for learning what lay ahead or what the gods or spirits wanted, by signs, dreams, lots or the words of a diviner.</note></item><item xml:id="x-idea_maize">maize (corn) <note>The grain of the Americas, eaten as bread, porridge and drink and planted in hills or holes made with a stick. English writers called it Indian corn.</note></item><item xml:id="x-idea_sacrifice">sacrifice and prayer <note>Offerings of animals, food or drink made to the gods with prayers, to ask their help or thank them.</note></item><item xml:id="x-idea_feast-days">feast days and the church year <note>The saints' days and church feasts, such as Candlemas, Lammas, Michaelmas and Martinmas, by which people dated events and timed the work of the year.</note></item><item xml:id="x-idea_slavery">slavery and forced labor <note>Holding people as property, or forcing them to work: captives sold in the Americas and Europe, the trade in enslaved Africans, and the forced labor of Indigenous peoples under Spanish rule.</note></item><item xml:id="x-idea_human-sacrifice">human sacrifice <note>Killing people as an offering to gods, or so that they would accompany the dead. Spaniards in Texas feared the sacrifices they knew of from Mexico; among the Natchez, many were expected to die with a Great Sun.</note></item></list>
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   <ab xml:id="x-98.2" n="98.2">pero antes que tratemos de ellos es menester saber primero como había antiguamente <term ref="#x-idea_markets">Dios de los mercados y ferias</term> el cual dios tenian puesto en un momoztly que son unos humilladeros á manera de picotas que usaron antiguamente que despues los llamabamos los muchachos mentideros. Había de estos por los caminos muchos y por las encrucijadas de las calles y en el tianquiz. En estos mentideros de los tianquiz había fijadas unas piedras redondas labradas tan grandes como una rodela y en ellas esculpidas una figura redonda como una figura de un sol con unas pinturas á manera de rosas á la redonda con unos círculos redondos otros ponían otras figuras segun la contemplacion de los sacerdotes y de la autoridad del mercado y pueblo.</ab>
   <ab xml:id="x-98.3" n="98.3">Los dioses de estos mercados prometían grandes males y <term ref="#x-idea_divination">malos agüeros y pronósticos</term> á los pueblos comarcanos que no acudían á sus mercados sobre lo cual había términos señalados de cuantas leguas habían de acudir á los mercados para honor de los dioses de ellos y tambien había ley y precepto de acudir sino fuese por justo impedimento y no solo por respeto de los dioses pero tambien por causa de que hubiese y se trujese provision á los pueblos y con lo que mas los asombraban y compelían era con la ira y enojo de los dioses y asi acudían de todas partes de dos y de tres y de cuatro leguas y mas á los mercados</ab>
   <ab xml:id="x-98.6" n="98.6">Los mercados en esta tierra eran todos cerrados de unos paredones y siempre frontero de los templos de los dioses ó á un lado y en el pueblo que se celebraba tianquiz aquel día tenian como por fiesta principal en aquel pueblo ó ciudad y así en aquel momoztly donde estaba el ídolo del tianquis <term ref="#x-idea_sacrifice">ofrecían</term> <term ref="#x-idea_maize">mazorcas de maíz</term> axi tomatl fruta y otras legumbres y semillas y pan en fin de todo lo que se vendía en el tianquiz unos dicen que se quedaba allí y que se perdía otros dicen que no sino que se recojía para los sacerdotes y ministros de los templos. Pero acudiendo á lo que dije que lo tenían aquel día como día de fiesta es asi verdad de lo cual me informé muy en particular sobre lo cual diré lo que me aconteció con un Señor de un pueblo al cual rogándole que acabasen cierta obra que estaba empezada en la iglesia me respondió: padre no sabes que mañana es gran fiesta en este pueblo como quieres que trabajen déjalo para otro día y <term ref="#x-idea_feast-days">miré el calendario</term> en todo mi juicio para ver que santo era y no hallé fiesta ninguna y él riéndose me dijo no sabes que es fiesta mañana del tianquiz que hay en este pueblo y que no queda hombre ni muger que no sale á solemnizallo de las cuales palabras noté la fiesta y solemnidad que es para ellos el mercado y mucho mas antiguamente á causa de que entonces había en ello supersticion y agüero é idolatría y agora no la hay sino constumbre ó vicio en los que van allí valdíos.</ab>
   <ab xml:id="x-98.7" n="98.7">Había tambien otra ley puesta por la república que <term ref="#x-idea_markets">ninguno vendiese cosa de lo que traya al mercado fuera de él</term> sobre lo cual no solamente había ley y pena pero tambien había temor de agüeros y de mal suceso y enojo del dios del mercado y así no osaban vender fuera de él cosa ninguna y esto aun hoy en día ha quedado de constumbre y he lo visto muchas veces que si un indio lleva al tianquiz dos ó tres gallinas que vender ó una carga de fruta y en el camino topa un <name type="people" ref="#x-people_spaniards">español</name> y si las quiere comprar y le dá lo que en el tianquiz le había de dar por ello lo reusa y no lo quiere vender allí con ahorralle una legua ó dos de camino sino que le ruega que vaya al tianquiz que allá se lo venderá.</ab>
   <ab xml:id="x-98.9" n="98.9">Dígolo á propósito de la rigurosidad con que estos guardaban sus estatutos y leyes que aun hasta hoy con estar ya en la ley de gracia les tura todavía aquel asombro de su vieja ley y temor aunque tambien lo hacían antiguamente el poner estos temores y niñerías por cierta pension que daban de todo lo que se vendía como <term ref="#x-idea_markets">alcabala</term> de aquel mercado lo cual se repartía para el Señor y la comunidad todo lo que allí se recojía.</ab>
   <ab xml:id="x-98.10" n="98.10">Había en esta tierra una <term ref="#x-idea_markets">ordenanza puesta por los reyes acerca de los mercados</term> y era que constituían férias ó mercados donde se vendiesen cosas particulares por lo cual algunos mercados eran muy nombrados y seguidos lo cual era de esta manera que mandaban que en la féria de <placeName ref="#x-place_azcapotzalco">Azcapotzalco</placeName> se vendiesen <term ref="#x-idea_slavery">esclavos</term> y que todos los de la comarca que tuviesen esclavos que vender acudiesen allí y no á otra parte á vendellos y lo mesmo en la de <placeName ref="#x-place_itzocan">Izhuacan</placeName> las cuales dos férias eran donde se vendían esclavos para que allí acudiesen á comprallos los que los habian menester porque ya sabían que fuera de allí no los habían de hallar en otra parte. En otras ordenaban se vendiesen joyas piedras ricas como era en la de <placeName ref="#x-place_cholula">Cholollan</placeName> y plumas ricas. En otras vendían ropas y jícaras ricas como en <placeName ref="#x-place_texcoco">Tetzcoco</placeName> y loza curiosa y bien obrada á su modo. A la féria de <placeName ref="#x-place_acolman">Acolman</placeName> habían dado que vendiesen allí perros y que todos los que los quisiesen vender acudiesen allí así á vendellos como á comprallos y así toda la mas mercadería que allí acudía eran perros chicos y medianos de toda suerte donde acudían de toda la comarca á comprar perros y hoy en día acuden porque hasta hoy hay allí el mesmo trato donde fuí un día de tianquiz por solo ser testigo de vista y satisfacerme y hallé mas de cuatrocientos perros chicos y grandes liados en cargas de ellos ya comprados y de ellos que todavía andaban en venta y era tanta la ca que había de ellos que me quedé admirado.</ab>
   <ab xml:id="x-98.13" n="98.13">Estos <term ref="#x-idea_slavery">esclavos</term> sacaban los amos á los mercados: unos traían hombres otros mugeres y otros niños y niñas para que cada uno hallase lo que tenia necesario. Para que se conociesen eran esclavos tenían al cuello unas colleras de palo ó de metal con unas argollas pequeñas por las cuales tenían metidas unas varas atravesadas atras de á braza. La causa por que les echaban estas varas diré en su lugar. En el lugar donde se vendían estos esclavos que era á un lado del mercado segun la órden de los mercados los amos los hacian estar bailando y cantando para que los merchantes acodiciándose á la buena gracia de voz y baile lo comprasen luego de suerte que si tenía buena gracia luego hallaba amo lo cual no hacían los que tenían mala gracia y eran inhábiles para ello y así salían muchas veces á los mercados sin haber quien hiciese caso de ellos aunque algunos los compraban para servirse de ellos ya que para <term ref="#x-idea_human-sacrifice">representar dioses</term> eran inhábiles y querían los cantores y bailadores por que cuando los vestían en los trajes de los dioses todo el tpo. que los representaban andaban bailando y cantando por las calles y casas donde entraban y en los templos y las azoteas de las casas reales y de sus amos dándoles todos los placeres y contentos del mundo de comidas y bebidas y saraos como si fuera el mesmo ídolo</ab>
   <ab xml:id="x-98.15" n="98.15">Estos <term ref="#x-idea_slavery">esclavos</term> no eran gente estraña ni forastera ni habida en guerra como algunos han opinado sino naturales de los mesmos pueblos.</ab>
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  <div type="translation" xml:lang="en">
   <ab n="98.2" corresp="#x-98.2">But before we deal with [those who were sacrificed], we must first know that in the old days there was a god of the markets and fairs. This god was set up on a momoztli, a kind of wayside shrine shaped like a pillory. Later, as boys, we called them “gossip posts.” There were many of them along the roads, at street crossings, and in the tianquiz. In the market shrines, round carved stones as big as a shield were set up. On them was carved a round figure like a sun, with painted designs like roses around it and rings of circles. Other shrines had other figures, as the priests and the authorities of the market and town decided.</ab>
   <ab n="98.3" corresp="#x-98.3">The gods of these markets threatened great harm, bad omens and evil signs to any nearby town that did not come to their markets. There were fixed limits, counted in leagues, for how far away people were bound to come to the markets in honor of the gods. There was also a law that everyone must come unless they had a good excuse. This was not only out of respect for the gods, but also so that the towns would be supplied. But what frightened and drove them most was the wrath and anger of the gods. So they came from every side, from two, three, four leagues and more.</ab>
   <ab n="98.6" corresp="#x-98.6">The markets in this land were all enclosed by high walls, and they always stood facing the temples of the gods or beside them. The town that held its market on a given day kept that day as its chief feast, whether town or city. On the momoztli where the idol of the market stood, they offered ears of maize, chili, tomatoes, fruit, other vegetables, seeds and bread: in short, some of everything sold in the market. Some say these offerings were left there to spoil. Others say no, they were gathered up for the priests and ministers of the temples. As I said, they kept market day as a feast day. This is true. I looked into it very carefully, and I will tell what happened to me with the lord of a town. I asked him to have some work finished that had been started on the church. He answered, “Father, don't you know that tomorrow is a great feast in this town? How can you want them to work? Leave it for another day.” I searched the calendar as carefully as I could to see which saint's day it was, and found no feast at all. He laughed and said, “Don't you know that tomorrow is the feast of the market of this town, and that not one man or woman stays home from celebrating it?” From these words I saw what a feast and solemn occasion the market is for them. It was much more so in the old days, because then it was bound up with superstition, omens and idolatry. Now there is none of that, only custom, or vice in the idlers who go there.</ab>
   <ab n="98.7" corresp="#x-98.7">There was also another law, made by the commonwealth, that no one could sell anything he had brought for the market outside it. For this there was not only a law and a penalty, but also fear of omens and bad luck and of the market god's anger. So they did not dare sell anything outside the market. Even today this has remained a custom, and I have seen it many times. An Indian is taking two or three hens to market, or a load of fruit. On the road he meets a Spaniard who wants to buy them and offers what he would get for them in the market. The Indian refuses and will not sell them there, though it would save him a league or two of walking. Instead he begs the Spaniard to come to the market, where he will sell them to him.</ab>
   <ab n="98.9" corresp="#x-98.9">I tell this to show how strictly these people kept their statutes and laws. Even today, now that they live under the law of grace, that awe and fear of their old law still lasts. In the old days, though, these fears and childish ideas were also put about for the sake of a fee paid on everything sold, like a sales tax on that market. All that was collected there was divided between the lord and the community.</ab>
   <ab n="98.10" corresp="#x-98.10">The kings of this land made an ordinance about the markets. They set up fairs or markets where particular goods were to be sold, so some markets became very famous and busy. It worked like this. They ordered that slaves be sold at the fair of Azcapotzalco, and that everyone in the district who had slaves to sell should go there to sell them, and nowhere else. The same was true of the fair of Izhuacan. These two fairs were where slaves were sold, so that people who needed them went there to buy them, knowing they would find them nowhere else. In other markets they ordered jewels and precious stones to be sold, as at Cholollan, along with fine feathers. Others sold cloth and fine gourd bowls, as at Tetzcoco, and fine pottery, well made in their style. To the fair of Acolman they had given the sale of dogs. All who wanted to sell or buy dogs had to go there. So most of the goods there were small and middle-sized dogs of every kind, and people came from the whole district to buy them. They still do today, because the same trade goes on there. I went there one market day, just to see it with my own eyes and satisfy myself. I found more than four hundred dogs, small and large, tied up in loads, some already sold and others still for sale. There were so many that I was amazed.</ab>
   <ab n="98.13" corresp="#x-98.13">The owners brought these slaves out to the markets. Some brought men, others women, others boys and girls, so that every buyer could find what he needed. To show that they were slaves, they wore collars of wood or metal at the neck, with small rings. Through the rings poles about a fathom long were passed, crosswise behind them. Why they were given these poles I will tell in its place. The slaves were sold on one side of the market, as the order of the markets required. There their owners made them dance and sing, so that the merchants would take a liking to a good voice and graceful dancing and buy them at once. A slave who sang and danced well quickly found a master. Those who did it badly and had no gift for it did not. Many times they were brought to market and no one paid them any attention, though some people bought them as servants, since they were no good for representing gods. The buyers wanted singers and dancers because the slaves were dressed in the clothes of the gods. All the time they stood for a god, they went dancing and singing through the streets and into houses, in the temples and on the roofs of the royal palaces and of their masters. They were given every pleasure and delight in the world, food and drink and feasting, as if each were the idol himself.</ab>
   <ab n="98.15" corresp="#x-98.15">These slaves were not strangers or foreigners or captives taken in war, as some have thought. They were natives of the same towns.</ab>
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