<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">
 <teiHeader>
  <fileDesc>
   <titleStmt><title>Growing Up in Texcoco</title><author>Juan Bautista Pomar, Report on Texcoco (Texcoco, March 9, 1582): birth, schooling and the raising of children</author><editor>Hearth Interactive</editor></titleStmt>
   <publicationStmt><publisher>Hearth Library</publisher><ptr target="https://hearthinteractive.com/library/sources/ea-pomar-texcoco"/></publicationStmt>
   <sourceDesc><bibl>Juan Bautista Pomar, Relación de Tezcoco (1582), in Joaquín García Icazbalceta, ed., Nueva colección de documentos para la historia de México, vol. 3, Pomar y Zurita (Mexico: Imprenta de Francisco Díaz de León, 1891), pp. 27–31. Digital text: Internet Archive item pomaryzuritapom01icazgoog (Harvard copy, Google scan), OCR text extracted by code and read against the page images. Pomar's text only.<idno type="hearth-edition">icazbalceta-nueva-coleccion-3-1891</idno></bibl></sourceDesc>
  </fileDesc>
  <profileDesc><langUsage><language ident="es">Spanish</language></langUsage></profileDesc>
 </teiHeader>
 <standOff>
  <listPerson><person xml:id="x-person_nezahualcoyotl"><persName>Nezahualcoyotl</persName><note>Ruler of Texcoco, the chief city of the Acolhua, from about 1431 until his death in 1472. With the Mexica he overthrew the Tepanecs of Azcapotzalco; he was remembered as a lawgiver, builder and poet.</note></person><person xml:id="x-person_nezahualpilli"><persName>Nezahualpilli</persName><note>Son and successor of Nezahualcoyotl as ruler of Texcoco, and grandfather of Juan Bautista Pomar through his mother.</note></person></listPerson>

  <listPlace></listPlace>
  <list type="ideas-and-dates"><item xml:id="x-idea_omens-in-the-sky">eclipses and comets <note>Many Europeans took eclipses and comets as signs from heaven warning of disasters such as war and pestilence, and astrologers read such signs.</note></item><item xml:id="x-idea_womens-work">women's work <note>The work that writers assign to women: keeping the house and its stores, making cloth and food, running the dairy, or planting and harvesting the fields.</note></item><item xml:id="x-idea_schools">schools and teaching <note>Where and how the young were taught. In Texcoco, Pomar says, boys were taken from their mothers to live and train in houses at the temples, and most commoners' sons in houses called telpochcalli.</note></item><item xml:id="x-idea_sacrifice">sacrifice and prayer <note>Offerings of animals, food or drink made to the gods with prayers, to ask their help or thank them.</note></item><item xml:id="x-idea_song-and-dance">song and dance <note>Singing and dancing as learning, worship and entertainment. Pomar names a house of song and dance in Texcoco where boys learned both, and says songs kept the memory of the old kings.</note></item><item xml:id="x-idea_ball-game">the ball game <note>The Mesoamerican game played on a walled court with a solid rubber ball struck with the hip or thigh, often for high stakes. Pomar says the friars banned it soon after the conquest.</note></item><item xml:id="x-idea_maize">maize (corn) <note>The grain of the Americas, eaten as bread, porridge and drink and planted in hills or holes made with a stick. English writers called it Indian corn.</note></item></list>
 </standOff>
 <text>
  <body>
  <div type="original" xml:lang="es">
   <ab xml:id="x-1" n="1">En naciendo el hijo daban el parabién á sus padres sus amigos y deudos, y aun llevaban presentes conforme á la calidad del padre, al cual era dado el ponelle nombre, cada uno como quería ó se le antojaba, dentro de cuatro días después de nacido, notificándolo á todos los que se hallaban presentes: dábanle una rodela y macana y arco y flecha; y á la hija su <term ref="#x-idea_womens-work">huso y rueca</term> y otros aderezos de hilar y tejer; aunque los reyes y grandes señores tenían respeto á que fuese el nombre conforme á alguna cosa que en aquel tiempo había ó sucedía digna de memoria, ó la había ó acaecía natural ó accidental, de suerte que <term ref="#x-idea_omens-in-the-sky">si hubo cometa</term> lo nombraban Citlalpopoca, que se interpreta estrella que humea; y si eclipse de luna ó sol lo mismo, ó si se cayó algún cerro ó remaneció fuente de nuevo, lo mismo, casi queriendo perpetuar en esto la memoria de lo que entonces pasó.</ab>
   <ab xml:id="x-2" n="2">Al hijo, en cayéndosele el ombligo se llevaba con gran cuidado á enterrar en tierra de enemigos, dando á entender en esto que por secreta propiedad apetecería por esto la guerra y el ejercicio militar.</ab>
   <ab xml:id="x-3" n="3">Criaban los niños con regalo hasta que tenían entendimiento y uso de razón, y en conociéndosele los quitaban á las madres y llevaban luego á <term ref="#x-idea_schools">ciertas casas muy grandes que en los templos había</term>, y allí eran enseñados por el sacerdote principal á todo ejercicio de virtud, honestidad y crianza, y especialmente en el arte militar, en lo cual ningún respeto les tenían; aunque fuesen los hijos legítimos del rey andaban con solamente unos pañetes de algodón con que cubrían las desvergüenzas, y unas mantas ásperas de nequén, sin diferenciar de los demás hijos de señores ó hidalgos ó plebeyos.</ab>
   <ab xml:id="x-4" n="4">Hacíanlos dormir en esteras y con una ropa de nequén basta y muy gorda. En siendo después de media noche se levantaban, y lo primero que hacían era bañarse en agua fría, sin jamás dejarlo de hacer en tiempo de fríos ó calores, y luego tomaban escobas y barrían los templos y las casas y patios de ellos; y algunos por elección del sacerdote iban al monte por rama de abeto y por puyas para el culto y ceremonia que se dijo de los ídolos; y los demás, á lo menos los que eran ya mozuelos y los hombres ya hechos, cada uno tomaba un incensario de barro, que eran como grandes cucharas, y echando en ellos brasas de un grande fuego que toda la noche ardía, <term ref="#x-idea_sacrifice">incensaban</term> hacia el Oriente y hacia las demás partes referidas, y despiertos aguardaban que amaneciese.</ab>
   <ab xml:id="x-5" n="5">Hacían todo esto á fin de curtillos con los fríos y calores y poco sueño y poco comer para que habituados á ello, cuando se ofreciesen los trabajos en la guerra los sintiesen menos. A esta casa y á las demás venían los hijos del rey y los demás señores, y algunos de los plebeyos. Pasaban el día en enseñarles á bien hablar, á bien gobernar y á oir de justicia, y en pelear de rodela y macana, y con lanza con pedernal á manera de pica, y aunque no tan larga; y esto hacían los que ya tenían edad para ello.</ab>
   <ab xml:id="x-6" n="6">Otros se iban á la <term ref="#x-idea_song-and-dance">casa del canto y baile</term> á deprender cantar y bailar: otros al <term ref="#x-idea_ball-game">juego de la pelota</term> que se ha dicho, el cual estaba en la plaza pública,</ab>
   <ab xml:id="x-8" n="8">de manera que los más de los hijos de los nobles y gente rica se criaban en estos ejercicios, cada uno conforme á la edad que tenía y á lo que más era aficionado.</ab>
   <ab xml:id="x-9" n="9">Cuando erraban y excedían en algo en la casa donde se criaban ó en otra parte, pública ó secretamente, eran con mucha aspereza castigados de los sacerdotes mayores, porque les punzaban las orejas con puntas de maguey, ó los muslos ó molledos, ó los colgaban de los pies, y en el aire les daban humo á narices con ají, ó azotaban con ortigas. Todos sus yerros era en descuidarse de reverenciar á sus mayores, ó á sus padres, ó á los viejos ó maestros, ó si comían algo escondida y secretamente, aunque fuese de cosa que sus padres le hubiesen enviado, que les era vedado; pero algunos, de piedad, se lo llevaban ó enviaban, á lo menos las madres, porque lo que habían de comer había de ser por mano de su maestro, y esto habían de ser <term ref="#x-idea_maize">tortillas secas de maíz</term>, sin otra vianda ni apetito, y tan limitado que solamente bastase á sustentarse, sin jamás hartarse. Su bebida era agua simple: comían dos veces al día, no en mesa ni en otro lugar para ello diputado, más de que los sacerdotes les arrojaban á cada uno una tortilla ó dos, como les parecía que habían menester, sin comedimiento ni crianza, aunque fuera el único sucesor y heredero del reino, sino como quien arroja pan á los perros.</ab>
   <ab xml:id="x-10" n="10">En lo que más les persuadían era en lo de las armas, inclinándolos á ellas y dándoles á entender que por ellas y no por otro respeto habían de valer y tener, y que ellas les habían de dar el ser y valor, y no la grandeza de sus padres los reyes; á lo menos <persName ref="#x-person_nezahualcoyotl">Nezahualcoyotzin</persName> y <persName ref="#x-person_nezahualpilli">Nezahualpitzintli</persName> nunca jamás tuvieron consigo á sus hijos, sino muy niños, y cuando los venían á conocer era ya por valor de sus personas, y que por esto lo mereciesen conocer por padre.</ab>
   <ab xml:id="x-12" n="12">Las mujeres cuando nacían, ó el padre ó la madre les ponía nombre, y el ombligo, á diferencia del del varon, enterraban junto á los fogones, dando á entender por esto que serían inclinadas á ser caseras, como les parecía que eran obligadas. Imponíanles sus madres á <term ref="#x-idea_womens-work">tejer, hilar y hacer de comer</term>: algunas había que se inclinaban á tañer, cantar y bailar. Vivían honestas y recogidas, sirviendo á sus padres y madres. Casábanse demandadas á sus padres, y jamás convidaban con ellas. Procuraban de tener las calidades que se ha dicho para merecer ser deseadas; y ellos tenían respeto á esto para tomallas por mujeres. Dábanles dote sus padres como podían. Las hijas de los reyes casaban con reyes ó con señores: llevaban grandes dotes de pueblos, casas, tierras, esclavos, y otros muchos bienes y haberes.</ab>
   <ab xml:id="x-13" n="13">La mayor parte de los hijos de la gente común se criaban en otras casas que había en la ciudad, que llamaban <term ref="#x-idea_schools">telpochcalli</term>, que se interpreta “casa de mozos,” donde también eran enseñados á las mismas costumbres y doctrina que en las otras de los sacerdotes de los templos, salvo cosas de sus ceremonias. Los más de estos y sus padres se ocupaban en la labor de la tierra, en que ponían su principal fin, después del de las armas; y de estos salían algunos hombres muy valerosos que después eran traidos al gobierno del pueblo, y á otros cargos y dignidades.</ab>
  </div>
  <div type="translation" xml:lang="en">
   <ab n="1" corresp="#x-1">When a son was born, his parents' friends and relatives came to congratulate them, and even brought gifts suited to the father's rank. The father had the right to name the child, each as he liked or fancied, within four days of the birth, and he announced the name to all who were there. They gave a boy a shield and a club, a bow and arrows, and a girl her spindle and distaff and other tools for spinning and weaving. Kings and great lords, though, took care that the name should match something worth remembering that happened at the time, whether natural or by chance. So if there was a comet, they named the child Citlalpopoca, which means “smoking star.” They did the same if there was an eclipse of the moon or the sun, or if a hill collapsed or a new spring appeared. It was as if they wanted to preserve the memory of what happened then.</ab>
   <ab n="2" corresp="#x-2">When a boy's navel cord fell off, it was carefully taken away and buried in enemy land. This meant that by some secret power he would long for war and the soldier's life.</ab>
   <ab n="3" corresp="#x-3">They raised children gently until they could understand and reason. As soon as they saw that a child could, they took him from his mother and brought him to certain very large houses in the temples. There the chief priest taught them every exercise of virtue, decency and good manners, and above all the art of war. In this no one was given special treatment. Even the king's legitimate sons wore nothing but cotton loincloths to cover their private parts, and rough cloaks of nequén, no different from the other sons of lords, nobles or commoners.</ab>
   <ab n="4" corresp="#x-4">They made them sleep on mats, with a coarse, thick blanket of nequén. A little after midnight they got up. The first thing they did was bathe in cold water, and they never failed to do so, in cold weather or hot. Then they took brooms and swept the temples and their houses and courtyards. Some, chosen by the priest, went up the mountain for fir branches and for thorns, for the worship and rites of the idols that I have described. The rest, at least the older boys and grown men, each took a clay incense burner shaped like a large ladle. They filled them with coals from a great fire that burned all night and offered incense toward the east and the other directions I have mentioned. Then they waited, awake, for the dawn.</ab>
   <ab n="5" corresp="#x-5">They did all this to toughen them against cold and heat, little sleep and little food, so that, being used to it, they would feel the hardships of war less. To this house and the others came the sons of the king and the other lords, and some sons of commoners. They spent the day learning to speak well, to govern well and to hear lawsuits, and to fight with shield and club, and with a flint-tipped spear like a pike, though not so long. That was for those who were old enough.</ab>
   <ab n="6" corresp="#x-6">Others went to the house of song and dance to learn to sing and dance. Others went to the ball game I have described, which was in the public square.</ab>
   <ab n="8" corresp="#x-8">So most of the sons of nobles and rich people were raised in these exercises, each according to his age and what he liked best.</ab>
   <ab n="9" corresp="#x-9">When they did wrong or went too far in anything, in the house where they were raised or elsewhere, in public or in secret, the senior priests punished them very harshly. They pierced their ears with maguey thorns, or their thighs or arms. Or they hung them up by the feet and held their noses over the smoke of burning chili, or whipped them with nettles. Their faults were failing to show respect to their elders, their parents, the old men or their teachers, or eating something hidden and in secret, even food their parents had sent them, for this was forbidden. Still, some parents, out of pity, took or sent them food, at least the mothers. For what they ate had to come from the hand of their teacher: dry maize tortillas, with no other food or relish, and only just enough to keep them alive, never enough to fill them. Their drink was plain water. They ate twice a day, not at a table or in any place set aside for it. The priests simply tossed each one a tortilla or two, as much as they thought he needed, without courtesy or manners, even if he were the only heir to the kingdom, as one throws bread to the dogs.</ab>
   <ab n="10" corresp="#x-10">What they urged on them most was the use of arms. They turned them toward it and taught them that by arms, and nothing else, they would win worth and wealth, and that arms, not the greatness of their fathers the kings, would give them rank and merit. At least Nezahualcoyotzin and Nezahualpitzintli never kept their sons with them except when they were very small. When the fathers came to know them, it was already for their own worth, so that they would deserve to know him as their father.</ab>
   <ab n="12" corresp="#x-12">When girls were born, the father or the mother named them. Unlike a boy's, a girl's navel cord was buried by the hearth, to show that she would be inclined to stay at home, as they thought women were bound to do. Their mothers set them to weaving, spinning and cooking. Some girls had a gift for playing music, singing and dancing. They lived modest and sheltered lives, serving their fathers and mothers. They were married when a man asked their parents for them; the parents never offered them. The girls tried to have the qualities I have described, to be worth wanting, and the men looked for these when choosing wives. Their parents gave them what dowries they could. Kings' daughters married kings or lords and brought great dowries of towns, houses, lands, slaves, and many other goods and riches.</ab>
   <ab n="13" corresp="#x-13">Most of the sons of the common people were raised in other houses in the city, called telpochcalli, which means “house of young men.” There they were taught the same customs and lessons as in the priests' houses at the temples, except for matters of their ceremonies. Most of these boys, and their fathers, worked the land, which was their main aim after war. And from among them came some very brave men, who were later brought into the government of the town and into other offices and honors.</ab>
  </div>


  <linkGrp type="alignment">

  </linkGrp>
  </body>
 </text>
</TEI>
