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   <titleStmt><title>A Lord's Advice to His Daughter</title><author>Bernardino de Sahagún and his Nahua collaborators, General History of the Things of New Spain, book 6, chapter 18: the speech a lord made to his daughter, edited by Carlos María de Bustamante (Mexico, 1829)</author><editor>Hearth Interactive</editor></titleStmt>
   <publicationStmt><publisher>Hearth Library</publisher><ptr target="https://hearthinteractive.com/library/sources/ea-sahagun-daughter"/></publicationStmt>
   <sourceDesc><bibl>Bernardino de Sahagún, Historia general de las cosas de Nueva España, edited by Carlos María de Bustamante, vol. 2 (Mexico: Imprenta del ciudadano Alejandro Valdés, 1829), book 6, chapter 18, pp. 119–126. Digital text: Internet Archive item historiagenerald13bern_0 (University of North Carolina copy), OCR text extracted by code and read against the page images. Sahagún's text only; Bustamante's notes are not copied.<idno type="hearth-edition">bustamante-sahagun-2-1829</idno></bibl></sourceDesc>
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  <profileDesc><langUsage><language ident="es">Spanish (from Nahuatl)</language></langUsage></profileDesc>
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  <listPerson><person xml:id="x-person_tezcatlipoca"><persName>Tezcatlipoca</persName><note>A powerful Nahua god, invisible and untouchable, prayed to as all-powerful in the speeches Sahagún collected. Sahagún's book 6 also calls him Yoalli Ehecatl, “night and wind”.</note></person></listPerson>

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  <list type="ideas-and-dates"><item xml:id="x-idea_sacrifice">sacrifice and prayer <note>Offerings of animals, food or drink made to the gods with prayers, to ask their help or thank them.</note></item><item xml:id="x-idea_cacao">cacao <note>The beans from which chocolate is made. In Mexico and Yucatán they served as money.</note></item><item xml:id="x-idea_maize">maize (corn) <note>The grain of the Americas, eaten as bread, porridge and drink and planted in hills or holes made with a stick. English writers called it Indian corn.</note></item><item xml:id="x-idea_womens-work">women's work <note>The work that writers assign to women: keeping the house and its stores, making cloth and food, running the dairy, or planting and harvesting the fields.</note></item><item xml:id="x-idea_markets">markets and trade <note>Buying, selling and trading goods: markets, merchants, money and the routes along which goods traveled.</note></item><item xml:id="x-idea_marriage">marriage <note>How husbands and wives were chosen, how weddings were made, what each owed the other, and how marriages could end.</note></item></list>
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   <ab xml:id="x-18.1" n="18.1">Tú hija mia preciosa como cuenta de oro y pluma rica, salida de mis entrañas, á quien yo engendré, y que eres mi sangre y mi imágen: tú que estás aquí presente, oye con atencion lo que te quiero decir, porque ya tienes edad de discrecion. Dios criador te ha dado uso de razon y habilidad para entender, el cual Señor está en todo lugar, y es criador de todos; y pues que es así que ya entiendes y tienes uso de razon, para comprender como son las cosas del mundo, y que en él no hay verdadero placer, ni verdadero descanso; mas por el contrario, hay trabajos, aflicciones, cansancios estremados, abundancia de miserias y pobrezas. ¡Oh hija mia! que éste mundo es de lloros, aflicciones, y descontentos, donde hay frios, destemplanza de aire y grandes calores del sol que nos aflige, y es lugar de hambre y de sed.</ab>
   <ab xml:id="x-18.5" n="18.5">Ten entendido hija primogénita, que vienes de gente noble, hidalga y generosa: eres de sangre de señores y senadores, que há ya muchos años que murieron, y reinaron, y pusieron el trono y estrado del reino, y dejaron fama y honra á las dignidades que tuvieron y engrandecieron su nobleza: hija mia, quiérote declarar lo que digo. Sábete que eres noble y generosa, considérate y conócete como tal: aunque eres doncellita, eres preciosa como un chalchivite y como un zafiro, y fuiste labrada y esculpida de noble sangre, de generosos parientes. Vienes de deudos muy principales é ilustres, y esto que te digo hija mia bien lo entiendes, porque ya no andas amontonando la tierra y jugando con las tejuelas y con el barro con otras niñas: ya entiendes, y disciernes, y usas de razon.</ab>
   <ab xml:id="x-18.6" n="18.6">Mira que no te deshonres á tí misma: mira que no afrentes á nuestros antepasados los señores y gobernadores: mira no hagas alguna vileza: mira repito que eres noble y generosa. Ves aquí la regla que has de guardar para vivir bien en este mundo, entre la gente que en él vive: mira que eres muger. Nota lo que has de hacer: de noche y de dia debes orar muchas veces, y suspirar al dios invisible é impalpable, que se llama <persName ref="#x-person_tezcatlipoca">Yoalliehecatl</persName>: demándale con clamores, y tendidos los brazos en el secreto de tu recogimiento: mira que no seas dormilona; despierta y levántate á la media noche, y póstrate de rodillas y de codos delante de él; inclínate y cruza los brazos; llama con clamores de tu corazon á nuestro señor dios invisible é impalpable, porque denoche se regocija con los que le llaman: entónces te oirá, y entónces hará misericordia contigo, entónces te dará lo que te convenga, y aquello de que fueres digna; y si por ventura antes del principio del mundo te fué dada alguna siniestra ventura algun hado contrario en que naciste, orando y haciendo penitencia como está dicho, se mejorará, y nuestro señor dios la abonará,</ab>
   <ab xml:id="x-18.7" n="18.7">Mira hija que de noche te levantes y veles, y te pongas en cruz: echa de tí de presto la ropa, lávate la cara, manos y boca: toma de presto la escoba para barrer, barre con diligencia, no te estés perezosa en la cama; levántate á <term ref="#x-idea_sacrifice">lavar las bocas á los dioses, y á ofrecerles incienso</term>, y mira no dejes esto por pereza, que con estas cosas demandamos á dios y clamamos á él, para que nos dé lo que cumple. Hecho esto comienza luego á hacer lo que es de tu oficio, á <term ref="#x-idea_cacao">hacer cacao</term>, ó <term ref="#x-idea_maize">moler el maíz</term>, ó á <term ref="#x-idea_womens-work">hilar ó á teger</term>: mira que aprendas muy bien como se hace la comida y bebida para que sea bien hecha; quiero decir aquella comida y bebida para los señores, y que á solos ellos se dá, y por esto se llama tetonaltlatocatlacualli. Obrando de este modo serás enriquecida donde quiera que dios te diere la suerte de tu casamiento; y si por ventura vinieres á necesidad de pobreza, mira que aprendas muy bien y con gran advertencia el oficio de las mugeres que es hilar y teger. Abre bien los ojos para ver como tienen una manera de tejer, y de labrar y de hacer las pinturas en las telas, como ponen las colores, y como juntan las unas con las otras para que digan bien.</ab>
   <ab xml:id="x-18.8" n="18.8">Las que son señoras y habiles en esta arte, aprenden bien como se urde la tela, y como se ponen los lizos en ella, como las cañas entre la una tela y otra, para que pase por enmedio de la lanzadera.</ab>
   <ab xml:id="x-18.9" n="18.9">Mira que seas en esto muy avisada y muy diligente: no dejes de saber esto por negligencia ó por pereza, porque ahora que eres mozuela, y tienes buen tiempo para entender en ello, tu corazon está simple y hábil, y es como chalchivite fino y como zafiro, y tiene habilidad pues no está aun mancillado con algun pecado, sino puro, simple y limpio, sin mezcla de alguna mala afeccion; y tambien porque aun vivimos los que te engendramos, pues que tú no te hiciste á tí ni te formaste; yo y tu madre tuvimos este cuidado y te hicimos, porque esta es la costumbre del mundo: no es invencion de alguno, es ordenacion de nuestro señor Dios que haya generacion por via de hombre y de muger para hacer multiplicacion y poblacion, y entre tanto que somos y vivimos; y en nuestra presencia antes que muramos y que nos llame nuestro señor, conviénete mucho hija mia muy amada, mi paloma, mi primogénita, que entiendas en estas cosas dichas, y las sepas muy bien, para que despues de nuestra muerte, puedas vivir honrada y entre personas de honor; porque andar á coger yerbas, y vender leña, ó á vender axi verde, ó sal, ó salitre á los cantones (ó esquinas) de las calles, en ninguna manera te conviene, pues eres generosa, y desciendes de gente noble é hidalga.</ab>
   <ab xml:id="x-18.14" n="18.14">Mira que no escojas entre los hombres el que mejor te parezca, como hacen los que van á comprar las mantas al <term ref="#x-idea_markets">tianguiz</term> ó mercado: <term ref="#x-idea_marriage">recibe el que te manda</term>, y mira que no hagas como se hace cuando se crian las mazorcas verdes que son <term ref="#x-idea_maize">xilotes ó elotes</term>, que se buscan las mejores y mas sabrosas. Mira que no desees algun hombre por ser mejor dispuesto, ni te enamores de él apasionadamente. Si fuere bien dispuesto el que te demandare, recíbele, y si fuere mal dispuesto y feo, no le deseches, toma aquel porque lo envia dios, y si no le quisieres recibir, él burlaráse de tí, deshonrarte há trabajando á ver tu cuerpo por mala via, y despues te pregonará por mala muger.</ab>
   <ab xml:id="x-18.16" n="18.16">Esto que he dicho hija mia, te doy por tu doctrina para que te sepas valer, y con esto hago contigo lo que debo delante de Dios; si lo perdieres y lo olvidares, sea á tu cargo que yo ya hice mi deber. ¡Oh hija mia y muy amada primogénita! seas bienaventurada, y nuestro señor te tenga en paz y reposo.</ab>
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   <ab n="18.1" corresp="#x-18.1">You, my daughter, precious as a bead of gold, as a rich feather, you who came from my body, whom I fathered, my blood and my image: you who are here, listen closely to what I want to tell you. You have now reached the age of reason. God the creator, the Lord who is everywhere and made all things, has given you reason and the ability to understand. So now you can understand how the things of the world are. In it there is no true pleasure and no true rest. Instead there is labor, trouble, great weariness, and a great deal of misery and poverty. Oh, my daughter, this world is a place of weeping, trouble, and discontent. There is cold here, and harsh winds, and great heat from the sun that torments us. It is a place of hunger and thirst.</ab>
   <ab n="18.5" corresp="#x-18.5">Understand, my firstborn daughter, that you come from noble people of good birth. You are of the blood of lords and councilors who died many years ago. They reigned, set up the throne and seat of the kingdom, and brought fame and honor to the offices they held. They made their nobility greater. My daughter, I want to explain what I mean. Know that you are noble and of good birth, and think of yourself that way. Though you are only a young girl, you are as precious as a chalchivite and a sapphire. You were carved and shaped from noble blood, from relatives of good birth. You come from very high and famous kin. You understand this well, my daughter, because you no longer play in the dirt with the other girls, heaping up earth and playing with bits of broken pottery and clay. Now you understand, you can tell one thing from another, and you use your reason.</ab>
   <ab n="18.6" corresp="#x-18.6">Take care not to dishonor yourself. Take care not to shame our ancestors, the lords and governors. Do nothing base. Remember, I say again, that you are noble and of good birth. Here is the rule you must keep to live well in this world, among the people who live in it. Remember that you are a woman. Note what you must do. Night and day you must pray often and sigh to the invisible, untouchable god called Yoalliehecatl. Call to him aloud with your arms stretched out, in private, where you are alone. Do not be a sleepyhead. Wake up and rise at midnight, and kneel before him with your elbows on the ground. Bow and cross your arms. Call with all your heart to our lord, the invisible, untouchable god, because at night he is glad of those who call to him. Then he will hear you. Then he will have mercy on you and give you what is good for you and what you deserve. Perhaps, before the world began, an unlucky fortune was given to you, a bad fate you were born with. If so, it will grow better by your praying and doing penance as I have said, and our lord god will set it right.</ab>
   <ab n="18.7" corresp="#x-18.7">Daughter, get up at night and keep watch. Stretch out your arms in the shape of a cross. Throw off your covers quickly and wash your face, hands, and mouth. Take up the broom at once and sweep carefully. Do not lie lazily in bed. Get up to wash the mouths of the gods and offer them incense, and do not neglect this out of laziness, for by these things we ask god and call to him to give us what we need. When this is done, start at once on your own work: making cacao, grinding maize, spinning, or weaving. Learn very well how food and drink are made, so that they are made well. I mean the food and drink for the lords, which is given only to them and so is called tetonaltlatocatlacualli. If you work this way, you will be well off wherever god grants you a marriage. And if you should ever fall into poverty, learn very well and very carefully the work of women, which is spinning and weaving. Keep your eyes open to see how they weave, how they work designs and paint them on the cloth, how they lay on the colors, and how they set them side by side so that they look well together.</ab>
   <ab n="18.8" corresp="#x-18.8">The ladies who are skilled in this art learn well how to set up the warp, how to put in the heddles, and how to place the rods between the two layers of threads so that the shuttle can pass through the middle.</ab>
   <ab n="18.9" corresp="#x-18.9">Be very alert and hardworking in this. Do not fail to learn it through carelessness or laziness. Now is the time, while you are a young girl and have time to give to it. Your heart is simple and able, like fine chalchivite and sapphire. It is able because it is not yet stained by any sin. It is pure, simple, and clean, with no bad desire mixed in. Now is the time, too, because we who gave you life are still living. You did not make or shape yourself. Your mother and I took care of that and made you, for that is the way of the world. It is no one's invention. It is the order of our lord God that children come from a man and a woman, so that people multiply and fill the land. So while we are still alive and here with you, before we die and our lord calls us, it is very important, my much-loved daughter, my dove, my firstborn, that you learn these things and know them well. Then after we die you can live with honor among honorable people. For it would not be fitting at all for you to go about gathering herbs or selling firewood, or selling green chili, salt, or saltpeter on the street corners. You are of good birth, descended from noble people.</ab>
   <ab n="18.14" corresp="#x-18.14">Do not pick out the man who looks best to you, the way people do when they go to the tianguiz, the market, to buy cloaks. Take the one who asks for you. And do not do what people do when the green ears of corn, the xilotes or elotes, are growing, searching for the best and tastiest. Do not want a man because he is better looking, and do not fall passionately in love with him. If the man who asks for you is handsome, accept him. If he is ill-favored and ugly, do not turn him down either. Take him, because god sends him. If you will not accept him, he will mock you. He will dishonor you, trying by wicked means to see your body, and afterward he will go about calling you a bad woman.</ab>
   <ab n="18.16" corresp="#x-18.16">What I have told you, my daughter, I give you as teaching, so that you will know how to look after yourself. With this I have done for you what I owe before God. If you lose it and forget it, that will be your own fault, for I have done my duty. Oh my daughter, my much-loved firstborn, may you be happy, and may our lord keep you in peace and rest.</ab>
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