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   <titleStmt><title>Moctezuma Comes Out to Meet the Strangers</title><author>Bernardino de Sahagún and his Nahua informants, History of the Conquest of Mexico (Book XII of the General History of the Things of New Spain), chapters 15–16, edited by Carlos María de Bustamante (1829)</author><editor>Hearth Interactive</editor></titleStmt>
   <publicationStmt><publisher>Hearth Library</publisher><ptr target="https://hearthinteractive.com/library/sources/ea-sahagun-meeting"/></publicationStmt>
   <sourceDesc><bibl>Bernardino de Sahagún, Historia de la conquista de México, edited by Carlos María de Bustamante (Mexico: Imprenta de Galván, a cargo de Mariano Arévalo, 1829), chapters 15–16, pp. 22–25. Digital text: Internet Archive item historiadelaconq00sahaiala (Getty Research Institute copy), OCR text, extracted by code and read against the page images. Sahagún's text only; Bustamante's notes and note marks are not copied.<idno type="hearth-edition">bustamante-sahagun-conquista-1829</idno></bibl></sourceDesc>
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  <profileDesc><langUsage><language ident="es">Spanish (from Nahuatl)</language></langUsage></profileDesc>
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  <listPerson><person xml:id="x-person_hernan-cortes"><persName>Hernán Cortés</persName><note>Leader of the Spanish expedition that landed in Mexico in 1519, entered Tenochtitlan that November and took it by siege in 1521, with allies from Tlaxcala.</note></person><person xml:id="x-person_moctezuma"><persName>Moctezuma II</persName><note>Ruler of the Mexica at Tenochtitlan when Cortés arrived. The Spaniards seized him and held the city through him; he died in June 1520.</note></person><person xml:id="x-person_itzcoatl"><persName>Itzcoatl</persName><note>Ruler of the Mexica from about 1428 to 1440, who with Texcoco overthrew the Tepanec city of Azcapotzalco. Moctezuma names him first among the rulers who held the throne before him.</note></person><person xml:id="x-person_moctezuma-i"><persName>Moctezuma I (Ilhuicamina)</persName><note>Ruler of the Mexica from 1440 to 1469, ally of Nezahualcoyotl of Texcoco. The “Montesuma” of the Teotihuacan elders' story of the conquest of their town is probably this ruler rather than the Moctezuma the Spaniards met.</note></person><person xml:id="x-person_axayacatl"><persName>Axayacatl</persName><note>Ruler of the Mexica from 1469 until his death in 1481, and father of Moctezuma II. The Spaniards were lodged in his palace in 1519.</note></person><person xml:id="x-person_tizoc"><persName>Tizoc</persName><note>Ruler of the Mexica after his brother Axayacatl, from 1481 until about 1486.</note></person><person xml:id="x-person_ahuitzotl"><persName>Ahuitzotl</persName><note>Ruler of the Mexica after Tizoc, until his death in 1502 or 1503. Moctezuma II succeeded him.</note></person><person xml:id="x-person_malintzin"><persName>Malintzin (Marina)</persName><note>A Nahuatl-speaking woman given to Cortés by the lords of Tabasco in 1519. The Spaniards called her Marina. She interpreted for Cortés, first through Gerónimo de Aguilar and later directly in Spanish.</note></person><person xml:id="x-person_cacama"><persName>Cacama (Cacamatzin)</persName><note>Lord of Texcoco and nephew of Moctezuma II, who was with him when he met Cortés in November 1519. He later tried to raise a league against the Spaniards and was seized.</note></person><personGrp xml:id="x-people_spaniards" role="people"><persName>Spaniards</persName><note>The people of Spain, as the writers name them: conquerors, settlers, traders and rivals in the Americas and elsewhere.</note></personGrp><personGrp xml:id="x-people_tlaxcalans" role="people"><persName>Tlaxcalans</persName><note>The people of Tlaxcala, east of the Valley of Mexico, long at war with the Mexica. They allied with Cortés in 1519 and fought beside the Spaniards in the siege of Tenochtitlan.</note></personGrp><personGrp xml:id="x-people_huexotzinca" role="people"><persName>Huexotzinca</persName><note>The people of Huexotzinco, a Nahua city-state east of the volcanoes, often at war with the Mexica. Their warriors marched with Cortés into Tenochtitlan in 1519.</note></personGrp><personGrp xml:id="x-people_mexica" role="people"><persName>Mexica</persName><note>The Nahuatl-speaking people of Mexico-Tenochtitlan, often called Aztecs, who ruled much of central Mexico when the Spaniards arrived in 1519. Spanish writers called them Mexicans.</note></personGrp></listPerson>

  <listPlace><place xml:id="x-place_iztapalapa"><placeName>Iztapalapa</placeName><location><geo>19.357 -99.093</geo></location></place><place xml:id="x-place_tenochtitlan"><placeName>Mexico-Tenochtitlan</placeName><location><geo>19.4326 -99.1332</geo></location></place><place xml:id="x-place_xoluco"><placeName>Xoluco</placeName></place><place xml:id="x-place_huitzillan"><placeName>Huitzillan</placeName></place><place xml:id="x-place_texcoco"><placeName>Texcoco</placeName><location><geo>19.5119 -98.8829</geo></location></place><place xml:id="x-place_tlacopan"><placeName>Tlacopan</placeName><location><geo>19.4567 -99.1872</geo></location></place><place xml:id="x-place_tlatelolco"><placeName>Tlatelolco</placeName><location><geo>19.4532 -99.1424</geo></location></place></listPlace>
  <list type="ideas-and-dates"><item xml:id="x-idea_flowers-as-gifts">flowers as gifts <note>Among the Nahuas, garlands and hand-held bunches of flowers were given to honored guests, along with collars and other gifts, at a formal welcome.</note></item><item xml:id="x-idea_gold">gold and silver <note>The metals European explorers hoped above all to find in the Americas, and asked about by signs from the first meetings.</note></item><item xml:id="x-idea_ipalnemoani">“he by whom we live” (Ipalnemoani) <note>A Nahuatl title of the highest divine power, Ipalnemoani, “he by whom we live.” Nineteenth-century writers read it as the name of a supreme god.</note></item><item xml:id="x-idea_return-of-the-lord">the return of a lord from the east <note>The story, found in Cortés's second letter and in later Spanish and Nahua accounts, that the Mexica expected a former lord to come back and reign, and took Cortés for him or for his envoy. Historians disagree about how far it reflects Mexica belief before the conquest.</note></item></list>
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   <ab xml:id="x-15.1" n="15.1">Partieron los <name type="people" ref="#x-people_spaniards">Españoles</name> de <placeName ref="#x-place_iztapalapa">Itztapalapan</placeName> todos aderezados á punto de guerra y en su ordenanza por escuadrones: fueron algunos de á caballo delante á descubrir si habia alguna celada; llevaban tambien dos lebreles delante: iba en la retaguardia <persName ref="#x-person_hernan-cortes">D. Hernando Cortés</persName> con otros muchos Españoles todos armados y en su ordenanza, tras ellos iba el bagage y la artilleria en sus carretones; iban muchos Indios de guerra con todas sus armas, muchos <name type="people" ref="#x-people_tlaxcalans">tlaxcaltecas</name>, y <name type="people" ref="#x-people_huexotzinca">Huexotzincas</name>: de esta manera ordenados entraron en <placeName ref="#x-place_tenochtitlan">México</placeName>. En todo lo restante de este capítulo no se dice otra cosa sino la órden que llevaban los Españoles y los Indios amigos cuando entraron en México.</ab>
   <ab xml:id="x-16.1" n="16.1">En llegando los <name type="people" ref="#x-people_spaniards">Españoles</name> á aquel rio que está cabe las casas de Alvarado que se llama <placeName ref="#x-place_xoluco">Xoluco</placeName>, luego <persName ref="#x-person_moctezuma">Mocthecuzoma</persName> se aparejó para irlos á recibir con muchos señores y principales, y nobles para recibir con paz y con honra á <persName ref="#x-person_hernan-cortes">D. Hernando Cortés</persName>, y á los otros capitanes; tomaron muchas <term ref="#x-idea_flowers-as-gifts">flores hermosas y olorosas</term> hechas sartales, y en guirnaldas, y compuestas para las manos, y pusiéronlas en platos muy pintados y muy grandes hechos de calabazas, y tambien llevaron <term ref="#x-idea_gold">collares de oro</term> y de piedras.</ab>
   <ab xml:id="x-16.2" n="16.2">Llegando <persName ref="#x-person_moctezuma">Mocthecuzoma</persName> á los Españoles al lugar que llaman <placeName ref="#x-place_huitzillan">Vitzillan</placeName> que es cabe el hospital de la Concepcion, luego allí el mismo Mocthecuzoma puso un collar de oro y de piedras al capitan <persName ref="#x-person_hernan-cortes">D. Hernando Cortés</persName>, y <term ref="#x-idea_flowers-as-gifts">dió flores y guirnaldas</term> á todos los demas capitanes; habiendo dado el mismo Mocthecuzoma este presente como ellos lo usaban hacer, luego D. Hernando Cortés preguntó al mismo Mocthecuzoma, y Mocthecuzoma respondió: yo soy Mocthecuzoma, y entonces enhiestóse delante del capitan haciéndole gran reverencia, y enhiestóse luego de cara á cara del capitan cerca de él, y comenzole á hablar de esta manera.</ab>
   <ab xml:id="x-16.3" n="16.3">“¡O señor nuestro! seais muy bien venido, habeis llegado á vuestra tierra y á vuestro pueblo, y á vuestra casa <placeName ref="#x-place_tenochtitlan">México</placeName>: habeis venido á sentaros en vuestro trono y en vuestra silla, el cual yo en vuestro nombre he poseido algunos dias. Otros señores (que ya son muertos) le tuvieron antes que yo, el uno que se llama <persName ref="#x-person_itzcoatl">Itzcoatl</persName>, el otro <persName ref="#x-person_moctezuma-i">Mocthecuzoma el viejo</persName>, y el otro <persName ref="#x-person_axayacatl">Axayacatl</persName>, y el otro <persName ref="#x-person_tizoc">Tizoc</persName>, y el otro <persName ref="#x-person_ahuitzotl">Ahuitzotl</persName>. Yo el postrero de todos he venido á tener cargo y regir este vuestro pueblo de México, todos hemos traido acuestas á vuestra república, y á vuestros vasallos, los difuntos ya no pueden ver ni saber lo que ahora pasa; ¡pluguiera <term ref="#x-idea_ipalnemoani">aquel por quien vivimos</term> que alguno de ellos fuera vivo, y en su presencia aconteciera lo que acontece en la mia!</ab>
   <ab xml:id="x-16.4" n="16.4">Ellos estan ausentes señor nuestro, ni estoy dormido, ni soñando, con mis ojos veo vuestra cara y vuestra persona: dias ha que yo esperaba esto: dias ha que mi corazon estaba mirando aquellas partes por donde habeis venido; habeis salido de entre las nubes, y de entre las nieblas, lugar á todos escondido. Esto es por cierto lo que nos dejaron dicho los reyes que pasaron, que <term ref="#x-idea_return-of-the-lord">habiais de volver á reinar</term> en estos reinos, y que habiades de asentaros en vuestro trono, y en vuestra silla: ahora veo que es verdad lo que nos dejaron dicho. Seais muy bien venido, trabajos habreis pasado viniendo tan largos caminos, descansad ahora, aquí está vuestra casa y vuestros palacios, tomadlos y descansad en ellos con todos vuestros capitanes y compañeros que han venido con vos.”</ab>
   <ab xml:id="x-16.5" n="16.5">Acabó <persName ref="#x-person_moctezuma">Mocthecuzoma</persName> de decir su plática, y <persName ref="#x-person_malintzin">Marina</persName> declarola á <persName ref="#x-person_hernan-cortes">D. Hernando Cortés</persName>; como este hubo entendido lo que habia dicho Mocthecuzoma, dijo á Marina: “Decidle á Mocthecuzoma que se consuele y huelgue y no haya temor, que yo le quiero mucho y todos los que conmigo vienen, y de nadie recibirá daño: hemos recibido gran contento en verle y conocerle, lo cual hemos deseado muchos dias há y se ha cumplido nuestro deseo: hemos venido á su casa <placeName ref="#x-place_tenochtitlan">México</placeName>, de espacio nos veremos, y hablaremos.” Luego D. Hernando Cortés tomó por la mano á Mocthecuzoma, y se fueron ambos juntos á la par para las casas reales.</ab>
   <ab xml:id="x-16.6" n="16.6">Los señores que se hallaron presentes con <persName ref="#x-person_moctezuma">Mocthecuzoma</persName> fueron los siguientes: el señor de <placeName ref="#x-place_texcoco">Texcoco</placeName>, que se llamaba <persName ref="#x-person_cacama">Cacamatzin</persName>: el 2.° el señor de <placeName ref="#x-place_tlacopan">Tlacupan</placeName> que se llamaba Tetlepanquetzatzin: el 3.° el que gobernaba en el <placeName ref="#x-place_tlatelolco">Tlatilulco</placeName> que se llamaba Itzquauhtzin: el 4.° el mayordomo de Mocthecuzoma que tenia puesto en el Tlatilulco que se llamaba Topantèmoctzin. Estos fueron mas principales, sin otros muchos menos principales <name type="people" ref="#x-people_mexica">Mexicanos</name> que allí se hallaron, el uno de los cuales se llamaba Atlixcatzintlacateccatl, el otro Tepeoatzintlaeochculcatl, el otro Quetzalaztatzinticociaoacatl, otro Totomochtzinhecatempatiltzin, el otro Quappiatzin; todos estos cuando fue preso Mocthecuzoma le desampararon y se escondieron.</ab>
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   <ab n="15.1" corresp="#x-15.1">The Spaniards set out from Itztapalapan all ready for war, marching in order by squadrons. Some horsemen went ahead to see whether there was an ambush. They also took two greyhounds in front. In the rearguard came Don Hernando Cortés with many other Spaniards, all armed and in their ranks. Behind them came the baggage and the artillery on its carts. Many Indian warriors came too, with all their weapons, many Tlaxcaltecas and Huexotzincas. In this order they entered Mexico. The rest of this chapter says nothing else except the order in which the Spaniards and their Indian allies marched when they entered Mexico.</ab>
   <ab n="16.1" corresp="#x-16.1">As the Spaniards reached the stream called Xoluco, beside the houses of Alvarado, Mocthecuzoma made ready to go out and receive them. With him went many lords, chief men, and nobles, to receive Don Hernando Cortés and the other captains in peace and with honor. They took many beautiful, sweet-smelling flowers, made into strings and garlands and arranged to be held in the hand. They set them on great gourd dishes, brightly painted. They also brought collars of gold and precious stones.</ab>
   <ab n="16.2" corresp="#x-16.2">Mocthecuzoma met the Spaniards at the place called Vitzillan, beside the hospital of the Conception. There Mocthecuzoma himself put a collar of gold and precious stones on Captain Don Hernando Cortés, and gave flowers and garlands to all the other captains. When he had given this gift, as was their custom, Don Hernando Cortés asked him [who he was], and he answered, “I am Mocthecuzoma.” Then he drew himself up before the captain and bowed deeply to him. He drew himself up again, face to face with the captain and close to him, and began to speak to him like this.</ab>
   <ab n="16.3" corresp="#x-16.3">“O our lord, you are most welcome! You have come to your land, to your town, to your house, Mexico. You have come to sit on your throne, on your seat, which I have held for some days in your name. Other lords, who are now dead, held it before me: Itzcoatl, Mocthecuzoma the Elder, Axayacatl, Tizoc, and Ahuitzotl. I, the last of all, have come to take charge of this town of yours, Mexico, and to rule it. All of us have carried your realm and your vassals on our backs. The dead can no longer see or know what is happening now. If only he by whom we live had willed that one of them were alive, and that what is happening in my presence had happened in his!</ab>
   <ab n="16.4" corresp="#x-16.4">But they are gone, our lord. I am not asleep or dreaming. With my own eyes I see your face and your person. For a long time I have been waiting for this. For a long time my heart has been looking toward the lands you have come from. You have come out from among the clouds and the mists, a place hidden from everyone. This is surely what the kings who went before us told us: that you would return to reign in these kingdoms, and sit on your throne, on your seat. Now I see that what they told us is true. You are most welcome. You must have suffered hardships on such long roads. Rest now. Here is your house, and here are your palaces. Take them and rest in them with all your captains and companions who have come with you.”</ab>
   <ab n="16.5" corresp="#x-16.5">Mocthecuzoma finished his speech, and Marina interpreted it for Don Hernando Cortés. When Cortés had understood what Mocthecuzoma had said, he said to Marina, “Tell Mocthecuzoma to take comfort and be glad and have no fear. I love him dearly, and so do all who come with me, and no one will do him harm. We are very glad to see him and to know him, which we have wished for many days, and now our wish has come true. We have come to his house, Mexico. We will see each other and talk at our leisure.” Then Don Hernando Cortés took Mocthecuzoma by the hand, and the two of them walked together, side by side, to the royal houses.</ab>
   <ab n="16.6" corresp="#x-16.6">The lords who were there with Mocthecuzoma were these. The first was the lord of Texcoco, called Cacamatzin. The second was the lord of Tlacupan, called Tetlepanquetzatzin. The third was the governor of Tlatilulco, called Itzquauhtzin. The fourth was Mocthecuzoma's steward, whom he had placed in Tlatilulco, called Topantèmoctzin. These were the most important. Many other Mexicans of lesser rank were also there. One was called Atlixcatzintlacateccatl, another Tepeoatzintlaeochculcatl, another Quetzalaztatzinticociaoacatl, another Totomochtzinhecatempatiltzin, and another Quappiatzin. When Mocthecuzoma was taken prisoner, all of these men abandoned him and went into hiding.</ab>
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   <ab n="15.1" corresp="#x-15.1">The Spaniards set out from Iztapalapa, ready for war, marching in groups. Some horsemen rode ahead to look for an ambush. Two hunting dogs went in front too. At the back came Cortés with many other armed Spaniards. Behind them came the baggage and the cannons on carts. Many warriors from Tlaxcala and Huexotzinco marched with them. In this order they entered Mexico.</ab>
   <ab n="16.1" corresp="#x-16.1">The Spaniards reached a canal called Xoluco, on the edge of the city. Moctezuma got ready to go and meet them. Many lords and nobles went with him, to welcome Cortés and his captains in peace and with honor. They brought sweet-smelling flowers, made into strings and garlands. They set them on great painted dishes made from gourds. They also brought collars of gold and precious stones.</ab>
   <ab n="16.2" corresp="#x-16.2">Moctezuma met the Spaniards at a place called Huitzillan. He gave gifts, as was their custom. He himself put a collar of gold and precious stones on Cortés. He gave flowers to all the other captains. Then Cortés asked him who he was, and he answered, “I am Moctezuma.” He stood tall and bowed deeply. Then, face to face with Cortés, he began to speak.</ab>
   <ab n="16.3" corresp="#x-16.3">“O our lord, welcome! You have come to your land, your town, your house, Mexico. You have come to sit on your throne, which I have kept for a while in your name. Other lords held it before me. They are dead now. I am the last of these lords. I have come to rule this town of yours, Mexico. We have all carried your people on our backs. The dead cannot see what is happening now. If only the one by whom we live had let one of them live! Then this would happen in front of him, as it is happening in front of me.</ab>
   <ab n="16.4" corresp="#x-16.4">“But they are gone, our lord. I am not asleep or dreaming. With my own eyes I see your face. For a long time I have waited for this. For a long time my heart has looked toward the lands you came from. You have come out of the clouds and the mists, a place hidden from everyone. The kings before us told us this. They said you would come back to rule these lands and sit on your throne. Now I see that it is true. Welcome! You must be tired from such long roads. Rest now. Here is your house, and here are your palaces. Rest in them with all your captains and friends.”</ab>
   <ab n="16.5" corresp="#x-16.5">When Moctezuma had finished, Marina, Cortés's interpreter, told Cortés what he had said. Then Cortés said to Marina, “Tell Moctezuma to be glad and not to be afraid. I love him dearly, and so do all my men. No one will harm him. We are very happy to meet him. We have wished for this for many days. We have come to his house, Mexico. We will see each other and talk later, at our ease.” Then Cortés took Moctezuma by the hand, and the two of them walked side by side to the royal houses.</ab>
   <ab n="16.6" corresp="#x-16.6">These lords were with Moctezuma. The first was Cacama, lord of Texcoco. The second was the lord of Tlacopan. The third was the governor of Tlatelolco. The fourth was Moctezuma's steward in Tlatelolco. Many other Mexica lords of lower rank were there too. When Moctezuma was taken prisoner, all of these men left him and went into hiding.</ab>
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