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   <titleStmt><title>The Plague Goes Town by Town</title><author>Ibn al-Wardi, The Report of the Pestilence, from his chronicle (Aleppo, 1348)</author><editor>Hearth Interactive</editor></titleStmt>
   <publicationStmt><publisher>Hearth Library</publisher><ptr target="https://hearthinteractive.com/library/sources/oial-p18"/></publicationStmt>
   <sourceDesc><bibl>Digital text: OpenITI file Shamela_0006624 (Tārīkh Ibn al-Wardī, 2 vols.; text from al-Maktaba al-Shāmila), whose metadata reports the edition as Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, Beirut, first edition 1417 AH / 1996 CE. Year 747 at OpenITI page marker V02P332; year 749 at V02P338–339. To be collated against the pre-1931 printing: Tārīkh Ibn al-Wardī (Tatimmat al-Mukhtaṣar fī akhbār al-bashar), Bulaq, Cairo, 1285 AH (1868–69). Arabic kept as in the digital text, with no vowels added; OpenITI markup removed.</bibl></sourceDesc>
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  <listPerson><person xml:id="x-person_god"><persName>God</persName><note>The one God worshiped by Jews, Christians and Muslims. Many writers in the library saw his hand in epidemics, cures, voyages and the fortunes of colonies.</note></person><person xml:id="x-person_muhammad"><persName>Muhammad</persName><note>The Prophet of Islam, whose tomb is in Medina, in Arabia.</note></person></listPerson>

  <listPlace><place xml:id="x-place_golden-horde"><placeName>the lands of Uzbek (the Golden Horde)</placeName><location><geo>47 45</geo></location></place><place xml:id="x-place_crimea"><placeName>the Crimea</placeName><location><geo>45 34</geo></location></place><place xml:id="x-place_cyprus"><placeName>Cyprus</placeName><location><geo>35 33</geo></location></place><place xml:id="x-place_aleppo"><placeName>Aleppo</placeName><location><geo>36.2021 37.1343</geo></location></place><place xml:id="x-place_land-of-darkness"><placeName>the Land of Darkness</placeName></place><place xml:id="x-place_china"><placeName>China</placeName><location><geo>35 105</geo></location></place><place xml:id="x-place_india"><placeName>India</placeName><location><geo>22 79</geo></location></place><place xml:id="x-place_sind"><placeName>Sind</placeName><location><geo>25.9 68.5</geo></location></place><place xml:id="x-place_transoxiana"><placeName>Transoxiana</placeName><location><geo>40 65</geo></location></place><place xml:id="x-place_persia"><placeName>Persia</placeName><location><geo>32 53</geo></location></place><place xml:id="x-place_cairo"><placeName>Cairo</placeName><location><geo>30.0626 31.2497</geo></location></place><place xml:id="x-place_egypt"><placeName>Egypt</placeName><location><geo>26.8 30.8</geo></location></place><place xml:id="x-place_alexandria"><placeName>Alexandria</placeName><location><geo>31.2 29.92</geo></location></place><place xml:id="x-place_cyrenaica"><placeName>Barqa (Cyrenaica)</placeName><location><geo>32 21.5</geo></location></place><place xml:id="x-place_gaza"><placeName>Gaza</placeName><location><geo>31.5016 34.4667</geo></location></place><place xml:id="x-place_ashkelon"><placeName>Ashkelon</placeName><location><geo>31.6693 34.5715</geo></location></place><place xml:id="x-place_acre"><placeName>Acre</placeName><location><geo>32.9281 35.0765</geo></location></place><place xml:id="x-place_jerusalem"><placeName>Jerusalem</placeName><location><geo>31.769 35.2163</geo></location></place><place xml:id="x-place_sidon"><placeName>Sidon</placeName><location><geo>33.5575 35.3715</geo></location></place><place xml:id="x-place_beirut"><placeName>Beirut (Beyrout)</placeName><location><geo>33.8933 35.5016</geo></location></place><place xml:id="x-place_damascus"><placeName>Damascus</placeName><location><geo>33.5138 36.2765</geo></location></place><place xml:id="x-place_baalbek"><placeName>Baalbek</placeName><location><geo>34.0058 36.2181</geo></location></place><place xml:id="x-place_homs"><placeName>Homs</placeName><location><geo>34.7241 36.7256</geo></location></place><place xml:id="x-place_hama"><placeName>Hama</placeName><location><geo>35.1318 36.7578</geo></location></place><place xml:id="x-place_maarrat-al-numan"><placeName>Maarrat al-Numan</placeName><location><geo>35.6483 36.6769</geo></location></place><place xml:id="x-place_antioch"><placeName>Antioch</placeName><location><geo>36.2066 36.1572</geo></location></place><place xml:id="x-place_sis"><placeName>Sis</placeName><location><geo>37.4552 35.8157</geo></location></place></listPlace>
  <list type="ideas-and-dates"><item xml:id="x-idea_epidemic">epidemic, plague, pestilence <note>The words the writers themselves used for an epidemic: Greek *loimos* and *nosos*, Latin *pestis*, *pestilentia* and *mortalitas*, Chinese 疫 *yi*, Japanese 疫瘡 &quot;epidemic sores&quot;.</note></item><item xml:id="x-idea_prices-and-wages">prices and wages after the plague <note>With so many dead, chroniclers expected plenty; instead goods, labor and the work of every trade cost twice as much or more after 1348.</note></item><item xml:id="x-idea_contagion">contagion <note>The idea that disease passed from person to person by touch, breath, or objects, long before anyone knew about germs.</note></item><item xml:id="x-idea_burial">burial and the dead <note>How the dead were buried, mourned or left unburied: graves and funeral rites, and what became of them when an epidemic overwhelmed the living.</note></item></list>
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   <ab xml:id="x-747" n="747">وفيها: وقع <term ref="#x-idea_epidemic">الوباء</term> ب<placeName ref="#x-place_golden-horde">بلاد أزبك</placeName> وخلت قرى ومدن من الناس، ثم اتصل الوباء ب<placeName ref="#x-place_crimea">القرم</placeName> حتى صار يخرج منها في اليوم ألف جنازة أو نحو ذلك حكى لي ذلك من أثق به من التجار، ثم اتصل الوباء بالروم وهلك منهم خلق وأخبرني تاجر من أهل بلدنا قدم من تلك البلاد أن قاضي القرم قال: أحصينا من مات بالوباء فكانوا خمسة وثمانين ألفا غير من لا نعرفه، والوباء اليوم <placeName ref="#x-place_cyprus">بقبرس</placeName> و<term ref="#x-idea_prices-and-wages">الغلاء العظيم</term> أيضا.</ab>
   <ab xml:id="x-749" n="749">وفيها: في شهر رجب وصل الوباء إلى <placeName ref="#x-place_aleppo">حلب</placeName> كفانا <persName ref="#x-person_god">الله</persName> شره، وهذا الوباء قيل لنا أنه ابتدأ من <placeName ref="#x-place_land-of-darkness">الظلمات</placeName> من خمس عشرة سنة متقدمة على تاريخه وعملت فيه رسالة سميتها النبأ عن الوباء.</ab>
   <ab xml:id="x-1" n="1">فمنها: اللهم صل على سيدنا <persName ref="#x-person_muhammad">محمد</persName> وسلم ونجنا بجاهه من طغيان <term ref="#x-idea_epidemic">الطاعون</term> وسلم الطاعون روع وأمات وابتدأ خبره من الظلمات فواها له من زائر من خمس عشرة سنة دائر ما صين عنه <placeName ref="#x-place_china">الصين</placeName> ولا منع منه حصن حصين سل هنديا في <placeName ref="#x-place_india">الهند</placeName> واشتد على <placeName ref="#x-place_sind">السند</placeName> وقبض بكفيه وشبك على <placeName ref="#x-place_golden-horde">بلاد أزبك</placeName> وكم قصم من ظهر <placeName ref="#x-place_transoxiana">فيما وراء النهر</placeName>، ثم ارتفع ونجم وهجم على <placeName ref="#x-place_persia">العجم</placeName> وأوسع الخطا إلى أرض الخطا وقرم <placeName ref="#x-place_crimea">القرم</placeName> ورمى الروم بجمر مضطرم وجر الجرائر إلى <placeName ref="#x-place_cyprus">قبرص</placeName> والجزائر ثم قهر خلقا <placeName ref="#x-place_cairo">بالقاهرة</placeName> وتنبهت عينه <placeName ref="#x-place_egypt">لمصر</placeName> فأذاهم بالساهرة وأسكن حركة <placeName ref="#x-place_alexandria">الإسكندرية</placeName> فعمل شغل الفقراء مع الحريرية.</ab>
   <ab xml:id="x-2" n="2">(<placeName ref="#x-place_alexandria">إسكندرية</placeName> ذا الوبا ... سبع يمد إليك ضبعه)
(صبرا لقسمته التي ... تركت من السبعين سبعه)</ab>
   <ab xml:id="x-3" n="3">ثم تيمم الصعيد الطيب وأبرق على <placeName ref="#x-place_cyrenaica">برقة</placeName> منه صيب، ثم غزى <placeName ref="#x-place_gaza">غزة</placeName> وهز <placeName ref="#x-place_ashkelon">عسقلان</placeName> هزة، وعك إلى <placeName ref="#x-place_acre">عكا</placeName>، واستشهد <placeName ref="#x-place_jerusalem">بالقدس</placeName>، وزكى فلحق من الهاربين الأقصى بقلب كالصخرة، ولولا فتح باب الرحمة لقامت القيامة في مرة، ثم طوى المراحل ونوى أن يلحق الساحل، فصاد <placeName ref="#x-place_sidon">صيدا</placeName>، وبغت <placeName ref="#x-place_beirut">بيروت</placeName> كيدا، ثم سدد الرشق إلى جهة <placeName ref="#x-place_damascus">دمشق</placeName>، فتربع ثم وتميد وفتك كل يوم بألف وأزيد فأقل الكثرة وقتل خلقا ببثرة.</ab>
   <ab xml:id="x-4" n="4">ومنها:
(أصلح الله <placeName ref="#x-place_damascus">دمشقا</placeName> ... وحماها عن مسبه)
(نفسها خست إلى أن ... تقتل النفس بحبه)</ab>
   <ab xml:id="x-5" n="5">ثم أمر المزة وبرز إلى برزة وركب تركيب مزج على <placeName ref="#x-place_baalbek">بعلبك</placeName> وأنشد في قارة قفانبك ورمى <placeName ref="#x-place_homs">حمص</placeName> بجلل وصرفها مع علمه أن فيها ثلاث علل ثم طلق الكنه في <placeName ref="#x-place_hama">حماه</placeName> فبردت أطراف عاصيها من حماه:</ab>
   <ab xml:id="x-6" n="6">(يا أيها <term ref="#x-idea_epidemic">الطاعون</term> أن <placeName ref="#x-place_hama">حماه</placeName> من ... خير البلاد ومن أعز حصونها)
(لا كنت حين شممتها فسممتها ... ولتمت فاها آخذا بقرونها)</ab>
   <ab xml:id="x-7" n="7">ثم دخل <placeName ref="#x-place_maarrat-al-numan">معرة النعمان</placeName> فقال لها: أنت مني في أمان، حماه تكفيك فلا حاجة لي فيك.</ab>
   <ab xml:id="x-8" n="8">(رأى المعرة عينا زانها حور ... لكن حاجبها بالجور مقرون)
(ماذا الذي يصنع الطاعون في بلد ... في كل يوم له بالظلم طاعون)</ab>
   <ab xml:id="x-9" n="9">ثم سرى إلى سرمين والفوعة فشعث على السنة والشيعة، فسن للسنة اسنته شرعا وشيع في منازل الشيعة مصرعا، ثم أنطى <placeName ref="#x-place_antioch">أنطاكية</placeName> بعض نصيب ورحل عنها حياء من نسيانه ذكرى حبيب، ثم قال لشيرز وحارم لا تخافا مني فأنتما من قبل ومن بعد في غنى عني، فالأمكنة الردية تصح في الأزمنة الوبية ثم أذل عزاز وكلزة وأصبح في بيوتهما الحارث، ولا أغنى ابن حلزة وأخذ من أهل الباب أهل الألباب وباشر تل باشر وذلك دلوك وحاشر وقصد الوهاد والتلاع وقلع خلقا من القلاع ثم طلب <placeName ref="#x-place_aleppo">حلب</placeName> ولكنه ما غلب.</ab>
   <ab xml:id="x-10" n="10">ومنها: ومن الأقدار أنه <term ref="#x-idea_contagion">يتبع أهل الدار</term>، فمتى بصق أحد منهم دما تحققوا كلهم عدما ثم يسكن لباصق الأجداث بعد ليلتين أو ثلاث.</ab>
   <ab xml:id="x-11" n="11">(سألت بارئ النسم ... في دفع طاعون صدم)
(فمن أحس بلع دم ... فقد أحس بالعدم)</ab>
   <ab xml:id="x-12" n="12">ومنها:
(<placeName ref="#x-place_aleppo">حلب</placeName> والله يكفي ... شرها أرض مشقة)
(أصبحت حية سوء ... تقتل الناس ببزقة)</ab>
   <ab xml:id="x-13" n="13">فلقد كثرت فيها أرزاق <term ref="#x-idea_burial">الجنائزية</term> فلا رزقوا، وعاشوا بهذا الموسم وعرقوا من الحمل، فلا عاشوا ولا عرقوا، فهم يلهون ويلعبون، ويتقاعدون على الزبون.</ab>
   <ab xml:id="x-14" n="14">(إسودت <placeName ref="#x-place_aleppo">الشهباء</placeName> في ... عيني من وهم وغش)
(كادت بنو نعش بها ... أن يلحقوا ببنات نعش)</ab>
   <ab xml:id="x-15" n="15">ومما أغضب الإسلام وأوجب الآلام أن أهل <placeName ref="#x-place_sis">سيس</placeName> الملاعين مسرورون لبلادنا بالطاعون.</ab>
   <ab xml:id="x-16" n="16">(سكان <placeName ref="#x-place_sis">سيس</placeName> يسرهم ما ساءنا ... وكذا العوائد من عدو الدين)
(فالله ينقله إليهم عاجلا ... ليمزق الطاغوت بالطاعون)</ab>
   <ab xml:id="x-17" n="17">ومنها: فإن قال قائل هو يعدي ويبيد قلت: بل <persName ref="#x-person_god">الله</persName> يبدي ويعيد، فإن جادل الكاذب في دعوى <term ref="#x-idea_contagion">العدوى</term> وتأول قلنا فقد قال الصادق - صلى الله عليه وسلم -: &quot; فمن أعدى الأول استرسل ثعبانه وانساب &quot; وسمي طاعون الأنساب وهو سادس طاعون وقع في الإسلام، وعندي أنه الموتان الذي أنذر به <persName ref="#x-person_muhammad">نبينا</persName> عليه أفضل الصلاة والسلام كان وكان:</ab>
   <ab xml:id="x-18" n="18">(أعوذ بالله ربي من شر طاعون النسب ... باروده المستعلي قد طار في الأقطار)
(دولاب دهاشاته ساعي لصارخ مارثي ... ولا فدا بذخيره فتاشه الطبار)
(يدخل إلى الدار يحلف ما أخرج إلا بأهلها ... معي كتاب القاضي بكل من في الدار)</ab>
   <ab xml:id="x-19" n="19">وفي هذا كفاية ففي الرسالة طول.</ab>
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   <ab n="747" corresp="#x-747">This year the pestilence struck the lands of Uzbek, and villages and cities were emptied of people. Then the pestilence reached the Crimea, until about a thousand funerals left the city in a single day. A merchant I trust told me this. Then the pestilence reached the Rum, and a great many of them died. A merchant from our town who came back from those lands told me what the judge of the Crimea had said: “We counted those who died of the pestilence. There were eighty-five thousand, not counting those we do not know about.” Today the pestilence is in Cyprus, and so are very high prices.</ab>
   <ab n="749" corresp="#x-749">This year, in the month of Rajab, the pestilence reached Aleppo. May God spare us its evil! We were told that this pestilence began in the Land of Darkness fifteen years before this time. I wrote an essay about it, which I called The Report of the Pestilence.</ab>
   <ab n="1" corresp="#x-1">From the essay: O God, bless our master Muhammad and grant him peace. Through his favor with You, save us from the tyranny of the plague, and keep us safe. The plague brought terror and death. Its story began in the Land of Darkness. Alas for this visitor, making its rounds for fifteen years! China was not shielded from it, and the strongest fortress could not keep it out. It drew its Indian blade in India, and it pressed hard on Sind. It seized the lands of Uzbek with both hands and locked its fingers around them. How many backs it broke in Transoxiana! Then it rose up, came into view, and fell on the Persians. It stretched its stride as far as Cathay. It gnawed at the Crimea and pelted the Rum with blazing coals. It dragged its crimes to Cyprus and the islands. Then it conquered people in Cairo. Its eye woke up to Egypt, and it struck them down on the plain of the Last Day. It stilled the bustle of Alexandria, and there it did the work of the Sufi poor among the Hariri brethren.</ab>
   <ab n="2" corresp="#x-2">Alexandria, this pestilence is a beast reaching out its paw to you. Bear its share-out with patience: of every seventy, it has left you seven.</ab>
   <ab n="3" corresp="#x-3">Then it went down to Upper Egypt, as a believer turns to clean earth for washing. A cloudburst of it flashed lightning over Barqa. Then it raided Gaza and gave Ashkelon a shaking. It pressed hard on Acre. In Jerusalem it took martyrs. It overtook even those who had fled the farthest, with a heart as hard as the Rock. Had the Gate of Mercy not been opened, the Resurrection would have come at once. Then it covered the stages of the road, meaning to reach the coast. It hunted down Sidon and caught Beirut off guard by a trick. Then it aimed its volley at Damascus. There it settled in and swayed [?], killing a thousand and more every day. It made the many few, and it killed a multitude with a single pustule.</ab>
   <ab n="4" corresp="#x-4">Another passage: May God set Damascus right and guard it from abuse. Its spirit has sunk so low it kills a person with a single grain.</ab>
   <ab n="5" corresp="#x-5">Then it made al-Mizza bitter and came out to Barza. It fused itself to Baalbek, and at Qara it recited “Halt, let us weep.” It struck Homs a heavy blow, then let it go, knowing that Homs had three ailments. Then in Hama it [...?], and the banks of its Orontes turned cold with fever:</ab>
   <ab n="6" corresp="#x-6">O plague, Hama is one of the best of lands, the strongest of its fortresses. Curse you! You smelled it and you poisoned it, and kissed its mouth, holding it by its locks.</ab>
   <ab n="7" corresp="#x-7">Then it entered Maarrat al-Numan and said to it, “You are safe from me. Hama is enough for you; I have no need of you.”</ab>
   <ab n="8" corresp="#x-8">It found Maarra a lovely, bright-eyed face, but with a brow joined to injustice. What can the plague do in a town that is stabbed with oppression every day?</ab>
   <ab n="9" corresp="#x-9">Then it traveled by night to Sarmin and al-Fua, and it fell on Sunnis and Shiites alike. For the Sunnis it made its spearpoints the law, and in the homes of the Shiites it spread death. Then it gave Antioch some share, but left out of shame, for it had forgotten the memory of a beloved. Then it said to Shayzar and Harim, “Do not fear me. Before and after, you have no need of me.” For unhealthy places grow healthy in times of pestilence. Then it brought down Azaz and Killiz. The plowman moved into their houses, and Ibn Hilliza was no help at all. It took the people of good sense from the people of al-Bab. It went to work on Tell Bashir, and wore down Duluk and Hashir [?]. It made for the valleys and the hills, and it plucked a multitude out of the castles. Then it went after Aleppo, but it did not win.</ab>
   <ab n="10" corresp="#x-10">Another passage: It is one of the decrees of fate that the plague follows the members of a household. As soon as one of them spits blood, they are all sure they are finished. Then, after two nights or three, the one who spat lies in the grave.</ab>
   <ab n="11" corresp="#x-11">I asked the Maker of souls to drive away the plague that struck, for whoever tastes blood in his throat has tasted his own end.</ab>
   <ab n="12" corresp="#x-12">Another passage: Aleppo, God keep us from its evil, is a land of hardship. It has turned into a wicked snake that kills people with a spit.</ab>
   <ab n="13" corresp="#x-13">The funeral workers have made a fine living in Aleppo. May they get nothing from it! They have lived off this season and sweated from carrying [the dead]. May they neither live nor sweat! They amuse themselves and play, and they keep the customer waiting.</ab>
   <ab n="14" corresp="#x-14">Aleppo the Gray turned black in my eyes, from dread and gloom. In it the Sons of the Bier nearly joined the Daughters of the Bier [in the sky].</ab>
   <ab n="15" corresp="#x-15">Here is something that angered Islam and caused pain: the accursed people of Sis rejoice at the plague in our lands.</ab>
   <ab n="16" corresp="#x-16">The people of Sis delight in what grieves us; such are the ways of the enemy of the faith. May God move it to them soon, and may the plague tear the tyrant apart.</ab>
   <ab n="17" corresp="#x-17">Another passage: If someone says, “It is contagious and destroys,” I say, “No, God creates and brings back.” If a liar argues for contagion and twists the meaning, we say, “The Truthful One, God bless him and grant him peace, said, ‘Then who infected the first?’” Its serpent uncoiled and slithered, and it was named the Plague of Lineages [because it took whole families]. It is the sixth plague to strike in Islam. In my view it is the great dying that our Prophet foretold, the best of blessing and peace be on him. In kān wa-kān verse:</ab>
   <ab n="18" corresp="#x-18">I take refuge with God, my Lord, from the evil of the Plague of Lineages. Its gunpowder has flared up and flown through every land. [One line, in colloquial Arabic, is not yet understood.] It enters a house and swears, “I will not leave without its people. I have the judge’s order for everyone in the house.”</ab>
   <ab n="19" corresp="#x-19">This is enough, for the essay is long.</ab>
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