Calpulli (neighborhood lands)
The Nahuatl name for a neighborhood or lineage group in central Mexico and for the lands it held in common. Zorita describes how its elected head gave out, recorded and defended these lands in the mid-sixteenth century.
The Calpulli and Its Lands
Alonso de Zorita, Brief and Summary Relation of the Lords of New Spain (written in Spain after 1565): the calpulli and its lands · written in Spain after Zorita's return from Mexico in the mid-1560s; first printed in French in 1840 and in Spanish in 1864
La tercera manera de Señores se llamaban y llaman calpullec ó chinancallec en plural, y quiere decir, cabezas ó parientes mayores que vienen de muy antiguo; porque calpulli ó chinancalli, que es todo uno, quiere decir barrio de gente conocida ó linaje antiguo, que tiene de muy antiguo sus tierras y términos conocidos, que son de aquella cepa, barrio ó linaje, y las tales tierras llaman calpulli, que quiere decir tierras de aquel barrio ó linaje.
The third kind of lords were called, and still are, calpullec or chinancallec, in the plural. The word means heads, or elders of families that go back to very ancient times. For calpulli or chinancalli, which mean the same, is a neighborhood of known people, or an old lineage, that has held its lands and known boundaries since very ancient times. The lands belong to that stock, neighborhood, or lineage, and such lands are also called calpulli, which means the lands of that neighborhood or lineage.
Estos capullec ó linajes ó barrios son muchos en cada provincia, y tambien tenían estas cabezas ó calpulli los que se daban á los segundos Señores, como se ha dicho, de por vida. Las tierras que poseen fueron repartimientos de cuando vinieron á la tierra y tomó cada linaje ó cuadrilla sus pedazos ó suertes y términos señalados para ellos y para sus descendientes, é ansí hasta hoy los han poseido, é tienen nombre de calpullec; y estas tierras no son en particular de cada uno del barrio, sino en común del calpulli, y el que las posee no las puede enajenar, sino que goce de ellas por su vida, y las puede dejar á sus hijos y herederos.
There are many of these calpullec, lineages or neighborhoods, in every province. The lords of the second kind, who were given their rank for life, as I have said, also had such heads or calpulli under them. The lands these people hold were shared out when they first came into the land. Each lineage or band took its pieces of land, or lots, with boundaries marked out for themselves and their descendants. They have held them in this way down to today, and they are called calpullec. These lands do not belong to each person in the neighborhood separately, but to the calpulli in common. Whoever holds them cannot sell or give them away. He has the use of them for his lifetime and can leave them to his sons and heirs.
Calpulli es singular é calpullec es plural. De estos calpullec ó barrios ó linajes, unos son mayores que otros, y unos tienen más tierras que otros, segun los antiguos conquistadores y pobladores las repartieron entre sí á cada linaje, y son para sí y para sus descendientes; y si alguna casa se acaba, ó acaba muriendo todos, quedan las tierras al común del calpulli, y aquel Señor ó pariente mayor las da á quien las ha menester del mismo barrio, como se dirá adelante.
Calpulli is singular and calpullec is plural. Of these calpullec, neighborhoods or lineages, some are larger than others and have more land. That depends on how the [Native] conquerors and settlers of old divided the land among themselves, lineage by lineage. The lands are for them and for their descendants. If a household dies out, or all its members die, the lands go back to the calpulli in common. Then that lord, the elder, gives them to whoever in the same neighborhood needs them, as I will explain below.
Por manera que nunca jamás se daban ni dan las tierras á quien no sea natural del calpulli ó barrio, que es como los israelitas que no podían ni era lícito enajenar las tierras ó posesiones de un tribu en otro;
So the lands were never given, and still are not, to anyone who is not a native of the calpulli or neighborhood. It is like the Israelites, who were not allowed to pass the lands or holdings of one tribe to another.
Podíanse dar estas tierras á los de otro barrio ó calpulli á renta, y era para las necesidades públicas y comunes del calpulli. A esta causa se permitían arrendarlas, y no en otra manera; porque si es posible, por una vía ni por otra no se permitía ni permite que los de un calpulli labren las tierras de otro calpulli, por no dar lugar á que se mezclen unos con otros ni salgan del linaje.
These lands could be rented to people of another neighborhood or calpulli, and the rent went to the public and common needs of the calpulli. That was the only reason renting was allowed. Otherwise, as far as possible, people of one calpulli were not allowed by any means, and still are not, to farm the lands of another. This was so that they would not mix with one another or leave their lineage.
La causa porque querían estas tierras á renta, y no tomarlas en su calpulli de gracia, era porque se las daban labradas, y la renta era poca, ó parte de la cosecha, según se concertaban; ó porque acontecía que eran mejores que las que tenían ó les daban en su calpulli, ó por no haberlas para dárselas, ó porque querían y podían labrar las unas y las otras.
People wanted these rented lands, rather than taking land in their own calpulli for nothing, for several reasons. The rented land was handed over already plowed, and the rent was small, or a share of the harvest, as they agreed. Or it happened to be better than what they had or were given in their own calpulli. Or there was none there to give them. Or they wanted to farm both kinds and were able to.
Si acaso algún vecino de un calpulli ó barrio se iba á vivir á otro, perdía las tierras que le estaban señaladas para que las labrase; porque esta era y es costumbre antiquísima entre ellos, y jamás se quebrantaba ni había en ello contradicción alguna, y quedaban é quedan al común del calpulli cuyas son; y el pariente mayor las reparte entre las demás del barrio que no tienen tierras.
If someone from one calpulli or neighborhood went to live in another, he lost the lands that had been assigned to him to farm. This was, and is, a very old custom among them. It was never broken, and no one ever disputed it. The lands went back, and still go back, to the common holding of the calpulli they belong to, and the elder shares them out among others in the neighborhood who have no land.
Si algunas hay vacas ó por labrar en el calpulli, tenían y tienen gran cuenta con ellas, para que de otro calpulli no se les entren en ellas. Y sobre esto tenían y tienen grandes pendencias, por defender cada uno las tierras de su calpulli.
If any lands in the calpulli lie empty or unfarmed, they kept, and still keep, close watch over them so that people from another calpulli do not move onto them. They had, and still have, great quarrels over this, each one defending the lands of his own calpulli.
Si alguno había ó hay sin tierras, el pariente mayor, con parecer de otros viejos, les daba y da las que han menester, conforme á su calidad y posibilidad para las labrar: y pasaban y pasan á sus herederos en la forma que se ha dicho; y ninguna cosa hace este principal, que no sea con parecer de otros viejos del calpulli ó barrio.
If anyone had no land, the elder, with the advice of other old men, gave him, and still gives him, what he needed, according to his standing and his ability to farm it. It passed, and still passes, to his heirs in the way already described. This leading man does nothing without the advice of other old men of the calpulli or neighborhood.
El que tenía algunas tierras de su calpulli, si no las labraba dos años por culpa y negligencia suya, y no habiendo causa justa, como por ser menor, huérfano, ó muy viejo, ó enfermo, que no podía trabajar, le apercibían que las la. brase á otro año, y si no, que se darían á otro, é así se hacía.
If a man held lands from his calpulli and left them unfarmed for two years through his own fault and carelessness, without good reason, such as being underage, an orphan, very old, or too sick to work, he was warned to farm them the next year. If he did not, they would be given to someone else, and so it was done.
Así que por tener los calpullec ó barrios las tierras de común é no entenderlo, ha sido causa de haberlos dejado en términos que no tienen donde poder sembrar, en especial en los pueblos que están cerca de los de españoles, ó donde hay buenas tierras; y en esto hay gran exceso y desorden, é también en el daño que reciben de los ganados de sus encomenderos, que siempre los tienen en sus pueblos.
So because the calpullec, or neighborhoods, hold their lands in common, and this is not understood, they have been left with nowhere to plant. This is so above all in towns near those of the Spaniards, or where there is good land. There is great excess and disorder in this, and also in the harm done to them by the cattle of their encomenderos, who always keep their herds in the Indians' towns.
Los comunes de estos barrios ó calpullec siempre tienen una cabeza, é nunca quieren estar sin ella, é ha de ser de ellos mesmos é no de otro calpulli, ni forastero, porque no lo sufren, é ha de ser principal y hábil para los amparar y defender; y lo elegían y eligen entre sí, y á este tenían y tienen como por Señor, y es como en Vizcaya ó en las montañas el pariente mayor; y no por sucesión, sino muerto uno eligen á otro, el más honrado, sabio y hábil á su modo, y viejo, el que mejor les parece para ello. Si queda algún hijo del difunto suficiente, lo eligen, y siempre eligen pariente del difunto, como lo haya y sea para ello.
The people of each of these neighborhoods or calpullec always have a head, and never want to be without one. He must be one of them, not from another calpulli or an outsider, for they will not stand for that. He must be a leading man, able to protect and defend them. They chose him, and still choose him, from among themselves, and they held him, and hold him, as a kind of lord. He is like the pariente mayor, the head of the lineage, in Biscay or in the mountains of northern Spain. The office does not pass from father to son. When one dies they choose another, the most honorable, wise, and able in their way, and an old man, whoever seems best to them. If a son of the dead man is fit for it, they choose him. They always choose a relative of the dead man, if there is one who is suitable.
Este principal tiene cuidado de mirar por las tierras del calpulli y defenderlas, y tiene pintadas las suertes que son, y las lindes, é adónde é con quién parten términos, y quién las labra, é las que tiene cada uno, y cuáles están vacas, y cuáles se han dado á españoles, y quién é cuándo é á quién las dieron; y van renovando siempre sus pinturas según los sucesos, y se entienden muy bien por ellas; y es á su cargo, como está dicho, dar tierras á los que no las tienen para sus sementeras, ó si tienen pocas, según su familia, les dan más; y tienen cuidado de amparar la gente del calpulli y de hablar por ellos ante la justicia é ante los gobernadores; y en casa de este se juntan los del calpulli á hacer y tratar lo que conviene á su calpulli y á sus tributos é á sus fiestas; y en esto gasta mucho, porque siempre en estas juntas, que son muchas por año, les da de comer é beber, y es necesario para los tener contentos é quietos.
This leading man looks after the lands of the calpulli and defends them. He keeps them all painted: the lots there are, their boundaries, where and with whom they share borders, who farms them, what each person holds, which lie empty, which have been given to Spaniards, and who gave them, when, and to whom. They keep renewing their paintings as things change, and they understand them very well. It is his duty, as I have said, to give land for planting to those who have none, and to give more to those who have too little for the size of their families. He looks after the people of the calpulli and speaks for them before the judges and the governors. The people of the calpulli meet at his house to arrange what is needed for the calpulli, its tribute, and its feasts. This costs him a great deal, because at these meetings, which happen many times a year, he always gives them food and drink. It is necessary, to keep them content and peaceful.