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Maguey (agave)

The agave plant of Mexico, whose fibers made cloth and rope, whose leaves served as fuel and food, and whose sap was fermented into pulque.

Raising Children, Ages Three to Fourteen (Codex Mendoza)

Codex Mendoza (Mexico City, about 1541), folios 58r–60r: the raising of children from three to fourteen, in Agostino Aglio's lithographs for Lord Kingsborough (London, 1831) · painted in Mexico City, probably about 1541; the customs are those before the Spanish conquest of 1521

60.2

Segunda partida en que se declara que los padres á sus hijos de edad de ocho años los castigavan, poniendoles por delante temores y aterrores de puas de maguey, para que siendo neglijentes y desobedientes á sus padres, serian castigados con las dichas puas, y ansi los muchachos de temor lloravan, segun que en las figuras desta partida estan figuradas é significadas. La racion de comida que les davan por tasa hera una tortilla y media.

Second section. At eight, the parents punished their children by frightening them with maguey spines: if they were careless or disobeyed their parents, they would be punished with the spines. So the boys cried from fear, as the pictures in this section show. Their fixed ration of food was a tortilla and a half.

60.2k

8. Estas ocho pintas significan ocho años. 9. Padre de los muchachos en esta hazera contenidos. 10. Una tortilla y media. 11. Muchacho de ocho años que su padre le amenaza no sea vellaco, por que le castigará en público el cuerpo con puas. 12. Puas de maguey. 13. Madre de las muchachas que estan en esta hazera contenidas. 14. Muchacha de ocho años, que su madre le amenaza con puas de maguey que no sea vellaca. 15. Puas de maguey.

8. These eight dots mean eight years. 9. The father of the boys in this row. 10. A tortilla and a half. 11. A boy of eight. His father warns him not to be a good-for-nothing, or he will punish him in public by pricking his body with spines. 12. Maguey spines. 13. The mother of the girls in this row. 14. A girl of eight. Her mother threatens her with maguey spines and warns her not to be a good-for-nothing. 15. Maguey spines.

60.3

Tercera partida en que se declara que los padres á sus hijos de edad de nueve años, siendo incorrejibles y rebeldes á sus padres, castigavan á sus hijos con las dichas puas de maguey, atando al muchacho de pies y manos, desnudo en carnes, y le incavan las dichas puas por las espaldas, y cuerpo, y á las muchachas, les punzavan las manos con las puas, segun que en la tercera partida estan figuradas. La racion de comida que les davan hera una tortilla y media.

Third section. At nine, if children would not be corrected and rebelled against their parents, the parents punished them with the maguey spines. They tied a boy hand and foot, stripped naked, and stuck the spines into his back and body. They pricked the girls' hands with the spines, as the third section shows. Their ration was a tortilla and a half.

60.3k

17. Estas nueve pintas significan nueve años. 18. Una tortilla y media. 19. Padre de los muchachos en esta hazera contenidos. 20. Muchacho de nueve años por incorrejible, su padre le hinca puas de maguey por el cuerpo. 21. Madre de las muchachas en esta hazera contenidas. 22. Una tortilla y media. 23. Muchacha de nueve años, que por su neglijencia la castiga su madre, punzandola las manos con puas.

17. These nine dots mean nine years. 18. A tortilla and a half. 19. The father of the boys in this row. 20. A boy of nine. Because he will not be corrected, his father sticks maguey spines into his body. 21. The mother of the girls in this row. 22. A tortilla and a half. 23. A girl of nine. Her mother punishes her for carelessness by pricking her hands with spines.

Teotihuacan Answers the King

The elders of San Juan Teotihuacan, answers to the king's questionnaire, recorded by the corregidor Francisco de Castañeda, March 1, 1580 · March 1, 1580 (customs remembered from before the Spanish conquest of 1521)

14a

En tienpo de su gentilidad fueron gente y republica sobre si, sin reconocer a nadie sino a sus señores naturales que llamaban chichimecas, hasta que Nesagualcoyotzin, señor de Tescuco, tiranizo toda la comarca matando a los hijos de Tetzotzomoctli, señor de Escaputzalco a quien todos reconocian, por guerra, e despues de su muerte de Tetzotzomoctli el dicho Netzagualcoyotzi se hizo poderoso aliandose con Montesuma señor de Mexico; repartieron las tierras del pueblo de San Juan y Aculma entre si los sobredichos, a los quales los naturales del pueblo de San Juan daban en reconoçimiento cada ochenta dias: algunas mantas de nequen gruesas que llaman Ichtilmates y algunas cargas de pencas de maguey de esas que llaman metlontli.

Before they became Christians, they were a people and a state of their own. They recognized no one but their own lords, whom they called chichimecas. Then Nesagualcoyotzin, lord of Tescuco, seized the whole district by force, killing in war the sons of Tetzotzomoctli, lord of Escaputzalco, whom everyone had recognized. After Tetzotzomoctli's death, Netzagualcoyotzi grew powerful by allying himself with Montesuma, lord of Mexico. These two divided the lands of San Juan and Aculma between them. Every eighty days, as a sign that they were their lords, the people of San Juan gave them some coarse cloaks of nequen (maguey fiber), which they call ichtilmates, and some loads of maguey leaves of the kind they call metlontli.

15f

Tenian guerras con los de Guejocingo y Atrisco, peleauan con arcos y flechas y macanas; su traje comun de los principales era mantas de nequen delgadas y vn maxtle y cutaras en tienpo de paz, y en tienpo de guerra los prinçipales y otras personas que se abian señalado en la guerra yban armados con armas de algodon y de bichos diferentes por que vnos yban hechos garças, otros anades, otros aguilas, otros con cueros de animales, hechos leones o tigres o lobos o benados u otros animales: la gente comun solo llevaban arcos y flechas sin otra debisa alguna: los maçeguales andauan en cueros eçepto vna manta gorda de nequen y vn maxtle: bisten agora todos mantas y camisas y saragueles de algodon, duermen en alto y cubren freçadas, comen buenas biandas de maiz cozido, aves domesticas y de caça, carne de baca y carnero los mas dellos; y antiguamente se sustentauan con hojas de tunas y pencas de maguei cozido y rayzes y ratones y culebras y otras sabandijas: biuian mas sanos con ello y por estar mas acostumbrados y egerçitados en trabajos que agora; entienden los naturales que el regalo que agora tienen les es causa de enfermedad, y lo poco que trabajan, por que con qualquier eçeso que hagan caen en enfermedad, y mas con el pulque que acostumbran a beber desde pequeños, que les es muy dañoso.

They made war on the people of Guejocingo and Atrisco, fighting with bows and arrows and macanas. In time of peace the lords wore thin cloaks of nequen, a maxtle (loincloth) and sandals. In time of war, the lords and others who had distinguished themselves in battle went armed in quilted cotton armor and dressed as different creatures: some as herons, others as ducks, others as eagles, others in animal skins, as lions, tigers, wolves, deer or other animals. The common people carried only bows and arrows, with no other emblem. The maçeguales went about naked except for a coarse nequen cloak and a maxtle. Now they all wear cotton cloaks, shirts and breeches. They sleep up off the ground and cover themselves with blankets. Most of them eat good food: cooked maize, chickens and game, beef and mutton. In the old days they lived on prickly-pear pads, cooked maguey leaves, roots, rats, snakes and other small creatures. They were healthier on that food, and because they were more used to hard work than they are now. The natives believe that the comforts they have now make them ill, and so does working so little. Any excess makes them sick, and above all the pulque they drink from childhood, which does them great harm.

23

Tienen cantidad de serezas de la tierra que lleban fruta, y muchos tunales y magueyes de que se sustentan y benden a los pueblos comarcanos.

They have many native cherry trees that bear fruit, and many prickly pears and magueys, which they live on and sell to the towns nearby.